Langendoen (1977) advanced an argument against English being a context-free language involving cross-serial subject-verb agreement in respectively constructions such as (1). (1) The man and the women dances and sing, respectively. As noted by Pullum and Gazdar (1982), however, and acknowledged subsequently by Langendoen (personal communication), such examples are unacceptable, and the argument ...

1 Introduction English is a stress-timed language displaying phonological vowel reduction: weak vowels, such as schwa (.ə.(, are part of the phonological form of many words in the language (mother .ˈmʌðə., banana .bəˈnɑːnə.(Furthermore , English allows important weakening processes in function words (prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs and conjunctions), in which peripheral vowels are often...

Verb is a word which shows action happening time, generally has subject and time known in verbs fact this quality makes deference between verb gerund. According to syntax, we have three types of – Transitive verb, intransitive Hukmi Motadi (Hukmi Transitive) verb. Most the two roots (present Past). structure, verbs: simple (as, root+suffix: ʣ+əm à ʣəm, χwr+əm χwrəm zə ɖoɖə́i χwrəm.) derivative a...

Spanish and other Romance languages inherited from Latin the seeds of a new construction that is common to the syntax of some verbs belonging to the field of emotions, feelings, pain or modality. The semantic values of this construction are strange to prototypical transitivity and are coupled with a marked argument structure, compared with the more common transitive sentence. In the early centu...

This study investigated and examined linking constructions in Mayrinax Atayal. Although in the literature, linkers are categorized as either complementizers or aspectual heads, their syntactic behaviors and statuses have not been fully probed and analyzed. From minimalist and cartographic viewpoints, this paper will divide Mayrinax linking constructions into three classes with respect to their ...

Inspired by Hintikka’s treatment of question embedding verbs in [8] and the variations of noncontingency operator, we propose a logic with strong noncontingency operator N as the only primitive modality. A proposition is strongly noncontingent, if no matter whether it is true or false, it does it necessarily; otherwise, it is weakly contingent. This logic is not a normal modal logic, since N(φ ...

DNN-based cross-modal retrieval is a research hotspot to retrieve across different modalities as image and text, but existing methods often face the challenge of insufficient cross-modal training data. In single-modal scenario, similar problem is usually relieved by transferring knowledge from largescale auxiliary datasets (as ImageNet). Knowledge from such single-modal datasets is also very us...

On the semantic level, epistemic modal operators encode modal force (necessity or possibility) and get interpreted against a conversational background which is a function from possible worlds into sets of propositions. In the case of epistemic modality, the conversational background is given by the speaker’s beliefs or the available evidence. Necessity in a given world encodes truth in all alte...

Numerous studies conducted on the Iraq War have consistently highlighted ongoing controversy surrounding its justification, even to this day. In response, several political and linguistic delved into issue, seeking understand how George W. Bush managed persuade global community support removal of Iraqi government. This particular study focuses analyzing speeches, specifically State Union Speech...

Starting from the observation that a sentence like ??a dog is intelligent is difficult in the generic domain in the same way as ??a student is shy is in the existential one, this paper argues that as for the existential reading, the generic interpretation of the indefinites also needs a “context”. Adopting an explicit modal interpretation of GEN, our account builds on Greenberg (2002) insight t...