Since the concept of linguistic variables was proposed, various kinds of linguistic terms have been used to express decision makers’ preference information in order to solve group decision making (GDM) problems. Probabilistic linguistic term set (PLTS) is a novel extension form of the existing linguistic variables. Based on it, the probabilistic linguistic preference relation (PLPR) has been pr...

Sir, A 45 year old woman, experienced progressive deterioration of memory, loss of concentration, anxiety, tiredness, insomnia with nightmares and arousals characterized by unexplained fear and, rarely, thoughts of suicide. She developed a profound depression, so that 2 months later in November 1987 she decided to discontinue herjob in the stock market. A diagnosis of menopausal-related anxious...

When acute glaucoma presents in its classical form, the diagnosis is fairly simple to make. However, atypical presentations are not uncommon and the diagnosis can be missed. This inevitably leads to a delay in treatment which can permanently compromise visual function. We have studied which doctors are most likely to make a misdiagnosis and calculated the resulting delay in treatment. All patie...

BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that presents with variable signs and symptoms. This variability in the clinical presentation may result in misdiagnosis, unnecessary referrals and misleading information to the patients. OBJECTIVES To identify the types of misdiagnoses made on the presentation of MS. METHODS Fifty consecutive MS ...

A 51-year-old woman was admitted for diabetes control. She was found to have a firm, mobile, large epigastric mass during physical examination. Laboratory findings were within normal range. She had undergone cholecystectomy at another hospital 8 years ago. On computerized tomography (CT) of abdomen showed a large intra-abdominal cystic mass measuring 102 cm× 106 cm×181 cm, originating from duod...

INTRODUCTION Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) has major implications for the management of patients and their first-degree relatives. Diagnosis is based on a set of criteria proposed by the International Task Force for Cardiomyopathies. We report our experience in providing a re-evaluation for patients who previously have been diagnosed with ARVD/C...

Precision in the use of words is necessary in any discipline, and this holds true for physicians and investigators dealing with patients who have chronic kidney disease. Specifically, malnutrition is often used to describe a group of abnormalities — fatigue, loss of body weight with muscle mass being replaced by fatty tissue, declining serum proteins — present in many such patients. However, ma...

multifocal skeletal tuberculosis in not uncommon in the countries with tuberculosis. the clinical onest is insidious and sometimes nonspecific, resulting in delay or misdiagnosis. bone scan appearance is presented in some reports, as multiple abnormal accumulations of tracer. this report describes an unusual presentation of multifocal skeletal tuberculosis.

Misdiagnosis of the cause of illness in critically ill patients is common, and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We reflect upon a misdiagnosis that occurred in the intensive care unit of a metropolitan teaching hospital, and highlight the susceptibility of medical decision making to error. We examine recent advances in cognitive theory and how these apply to diagnosis. We discuss the v...

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) are both rare and complex diseases with poor prognosis especially when misdiagnosis. We report a rare case of a young woman presented with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), but who was later found to have PAH associated with AAV. This case reminds us the very importance of differential diagnosis to PAH p...