Each variable X is a new, independent Uniform [0, 1] random number. For example, T = ∅ with probability 1−p, T = (∅, ∅) with probability p(1−p)2, and T = ((∅, ∅), ∅) with probability p2(1− p). The number of vertices N is equal to twice the number of left parentheses (parents) in the expression for T , plus one. Equivalently, N is twice the number of ∅s (leaves), minus one. It can be shown that ...