2009 marks the centenary of methodological individualism (MI). The phrase was first used in English in a 1909 QJE paper by Joseph Schumpeter. Yet after 100 years there is considerable confusion as to what the phrase means. MI is often invoked as a fundamental description of the methodology both of neoclassical and Austrian economics, as well as other approaches, from New Keynesianism to analyti...

Abstract In this essay, I outline a method to compute the economic impact of sudden stop natural gas imports from Russia. First, estimate reduction in short-run supply for economy and industry sector. Second, use model simulations analyse effect import on sectors using whole economy. The should take into account limited substitution possibilities (chemical industry) value chain linkages these w...

OBJECTIVE Health-related quality of life (HRQL) measurements enable us to take patient perception into account when evaluating treatment outcomes from clinical trials (CTs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of HRQL questionnaires as a measurement of efficacy in CT design. METHODS A duplicate systematic review of the CTs examined by a Clinical Research Ethics Committee between...

The macro-micro distinction is one of the most powerful in the human and physical sciences. In this article we challenge the macro by positing an alternative that recognises the intricacies and complexities of material geographies. We employ the Latin proverb – Aquila non captat muscas (Eagles don’t catch flies) – to epitomise our position. Instead of looking to general theory – the bird’s eye ...

N-version programming has long been mooted as a method of improving software reliability. Earlier studies, which generated apparently discouraging results, ooered pessimistic prognostications for this general strategy. However, further study of the problem has both reened the evaluation procedure and revealed new opportunities for improvement. In particular, exploitation of methodological diver...

The rapid increase in the use of telemedicine makes a critical appraisal of these services essential. This article reviews the current evidence from studies of teledermatology with sufficiently rigorous methodology to allow reasonable conclusions to be drawn. The review is organized according to areas of research in teledermatology: reliability of diagnosis and management, accuracy, outcomes, c...

Game theory has been used to model large-scale social events—such constitutional law, democratic stability, standard setting, gender roles, social movements, communication, markets, the selection of officials by means of elections, coalition formation, resource allocation, distribution of goods, and war—as the aggregate result of individual choices in interdependent decision-making. Game theory...

BACKGROUND The methodological quality and completeness of reporting of the systematic reviews (SRs) is fundamental to optimal implementation of evidence-based health care and the reduction of research waste. Methods exist to appraise SRs yet little is known about how they are used in SRs or where there are potential gaps in research best-practice guidance materials. The aims of this study are t...

Adaptationism has prompted many a debate in philosophy of biology but the focus is usually on empirical and explanatory issues rather than methodological adaptationism (MA). Likewise, the context of evolutionary biology has provided the grounding for most discussions of the heuristic role of adaptationism. This paper extends the debate by drawing on case studies from physiology and systems biol...

This is a review essay, based on a critical assessment of The Ant Trap by Brian Epstein. Epstein argues that models in the social sciences are inadequate because they are based on a false ontology of methodological individualism, and proposes a new model of social ontology. I examine this model and point to flaws in it. More generally, I argue against Epstein’s methodological approach, which tr...