Copper is a metallic element that occurs naturally as the free metal, or associated with other elements in compounds that comprise various minerals. Most copper compounds occur in +1 Cu(I) and +2 Cu(II) valence states. Copper is primarily used as a metal or an alloy (e.g., brass, bronze, gun metal). Copper sulfate is used as a fungicide, algicide, and nutritional supplement. Copper particulates...

Base metal sulphides are an important source of various metals. They are typically intergrowth and due to the complex nature of their ores, the hydrometallurgical technique is the very convenient way of extracting the desired component. If it is possible to extract the metal from an ore selectively, the subsequent processing steps become less complicated. Mechanical activation seems to be a fav...

Lead is a naturally occurring metal found in the Earth's crust at about 15–20 mg/kg. In comparison to the two most abundant metals in the Earth, aluminum and iron, lead is a relatively uncommon metal. Lead rarely occurs in its elemental state, but rather its +2 oxidation state in various ores throughout the earth. The most important lead containing ores are galena (PbS), anglesite (PbSO4), and ...

The Tinto river drains the Rio Tinto mining district, which comprises the world’s largest known massive sulfide deposits; these orebodies have been mined from the third millenium BC to the present. The Tinto river is strongly acidic (pH, 1.5–2.5); during flood events, it transports a sandy material, including abundant detrital pyrite grains. A core drilled in the Holocene sediments of the Tinto...

Archaeological investigations of the Colline Metallifere district (Southern Tuscany, Italy) have highlighted several Medieval sites located close to main Cu-Pb-Fe (Ag) ore occurrences. This study is focused on investigation late-medieval slags from Cugnano and Montieri using both geochemical mineralogical methods understand slag heterogeneities as result differences technological processes. Mat...

The current study assesses the effect of fibrous clay minerals’ amendments and arbuscular mycorrhiza incubation on heavy metal uptake and translocation in Eucalyptus grandis and Ailanthus altissima plants. For doing so, Eucalyptus and ailanthus trees have been grown in a soil sample, contaminated with heavy metal iron ore mining and collected from southern Iran. The area under study is arid, wi...

truncated gaussian simulation (tgs) is a well-known method to generate realizations of the ore domains located in a spatial sequence. in geostatistical framework geological domains are normally utilized for stationary assumption. the ability to measure the uncertainty in the exact locations of the boundaries among different geological units is a common challenge for practitioners. as a simple a...

the aim of the study is to determine the major source and extent of metal pollution in the vicinity of dashkasan gold mine. dashkasan mine has resulted in extensive contamination of soils by arsenic (as) and potentially toxic ore-related elements including mercury (hg), antimony (sb) and cadmium (cd). soils samples were collected and analyzed for as, cd, hg, pb and sb. the concentration of each...

This paper presents a combination of geometric reconstructions of the Century Zn–Pb–Ag deposit, and finite-difference modelling of coupled deformation and fluid flow. Our intention is to demonstrate that these computer-based applications represent a new approach in testing ore genesis models. We use a ‘‘visiometric’’ approach, utilising GoCad 3D structural and property modelling. Computer visua...

P mparison with Brazilian populations. The genotypes RHCE*Ee, K ore prevalent in the population from the state of Santa Catarina i *Cc, RHCE*cc, RHCE*ee, FY*01/FY*02, FY*01/FY*02.N01, FY*02/FY*02, F ypes were more common in the population from the state of S erved in the comparison with Brazilian populations. The genot JK*02/02 were more prevalent in the population from the state of S ddition, ...