cirrhosis is characterized by marked abnormalities in the cardiovascular system. a hyperdynamic splanchnic and systemic circulation is typical of cirrhotic patients and has been observed in all experimental forms of portal hypertension. the hyperdynamic circulation is most likely initiated by arterial vasodilatation, leading to central hypovolemia, sodium retention, and an increased intravascul...

learning is a cornerstone of intelligent behavior in animals. this behavior has been mostly studied in organisms with a fairly complex nervous system. however, recent reports of learning in unicellular organisms suggested the existence of associative learning in unicellular organisms. in particular, the capability to associate different light intensities with cathodal stimulation in paramecium ...

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the radiation-induced bystander effect is the phenomenon which non-irradiated cells exhibit effects along with their different levels as a result of signals received from nearby irradiated cells. responses of non-irradiated cells may include changes in process of translation, gene expression, cell proliferation, apoptosis and cells death. these changes are confirmed by results of some in-vivo s...

Many chemicals with broad industrial, pharmaceutical and agricultural application produce a neurotoxic syndrome in humans and experimental animals involving weight loss, skeletal muscle weakness and ataxia. Neurotoxicity is defined as a structural change or a functional alteration of the nervous system resulting from exposure to a chemical, biological or physical agent. Neurotoxicity including ...

Salmonella occupies a vacuolar compartment inside cells of its host. Recent studies have shown that the fate of this vacuole is different in various cell types, and that the outcome of colonization is determined by both the infecting bacterium and defense mechanisms of the host cell.

Simultaneous measurements of fluorescence and thermal emission have been made by a combined fluorescence and photoacoustic techniques on isolated thylakoids pretreated by a prolonged illumination of saturating light. The traces of the signals are used to calculate four characteristic parameters, energy storage, half-saturation intensity, number of photons to close reaction center, and a constan...

An organism is defined as "an individual living thing capable of responding to stimuli, growing, reproducing, and maintaining homeostasis." Early during evolution multicellular organisms explored the advantages of a symbiotic life. Mammals harbor a complex aggregate of microorganisms (called microbiota) that includes bacteria, fungi, and archaea. Some of these bacteria have already defined bene...

Cells are metastable per se and a fine-tuned balance of de novo protein synthesis and degradation shapes their proteome. The primary function of peptides is to supply amino acids for de novo protein synthesis or as an energy source during starvation. Peptides are intrinsically short-lived and steadily trimmed by an armada of intra and extracellular peptidases. However, peptides acquired additio...

An important function of the chemical senses is to warn against dangerous biological and chemical agents in the environment. The discovery in recent years of "taste" receptor cells outside the oral cavity that appear to have protective functions has raised new questions about the nature and scope of the chemical senses in general and of chemesthesis in particular. The present paper briefly revi...