We consider the one-loop partition function for Euclidean BTZ black hole backgrounds or equivalently thermal AdS3 backgrounds which are quotients of H3 ~Euclidean AdS3!. The one-loop partition function is modular invariant and we can read off the spectrum which is consistent to that found in hep-th/0001053. We see long strings and discrete states in agreement with the expectations. © 2001 Ameri...

Geographic regions (henceforth, regions for short) are spatially extended pieces of (near) earth surface that share some aspect of similarity across their extents. The most fundamental aspect of similarity shared within a region is "locational similarity"-proximity. But regions nearly always share common thematic content or activity too. That is, regions are defined not just spatially but accor...

We initiate the study of Brane Gas Cosmology (BGC) on manifolds with non-trivial holonomy. Such compactifications are required within the context of superstring theory in order to make connections with realistic particle physics. We study the dynamics of brane gases constructed from various string theories on background spaces having a K3 submanifold. The K3 compactifications provide a stepping...

Medical tourism plays an important role in national revenue of many countries; This industry earns about 100 billion dollars for the governments each year. However, Tourism is not developed in Iran and it is in its initial paces. As a matter of fact, the Ministry of Health recognized tourism-therapy in 2003. In addition, by doing this, rather than supporting tourism-therapy, the ministry mainly...