The classification of martensitic displacive transformations into athermal, isothermal or anisothermal is discussed. Athermal does not mean “no temperature dependence” as is often thought, but is best considered to be short for the notion of no thermal activation. Processes with no thermal activation do not depend on time, as there is no need to wait for sufficient statistical fluctuations in s...

Thermodynamically consistent, three-dimensional (3D) phase field approach (PFA) for coupled multivariant martensitic transformations (PTs), including cyclic PTs, variant– variant transformations (i.e., twinning), and dislocation evolution is developed at large strains. One of our key points is in the justification of the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic, tra...

Reversion of L forms to the normal bacterial state has been described in general terms in a variety of bacterial cell-L-form systems (Dienes and Weinberger, 1951). The relatively large 3B type L colony formed on penicillin-containing medium is composed entirely of spherical bodies of varying sizes (2 to 10 ,u in diameter) that appear to propagate by a budding process. In contrast, 3A type L for...

On-line portfolio selection, a fundamental problem in computational finance, has attracted increasing interests from artificial intelligence and machine learning communities in recent years. Empirical evidence shows that stock’s high and low prices are temporary and stock price relatives are likely to follow the mean reversion phenomenon. While existing mean reversion strategies are shown to ac...

the microstructure of dual phase steels can be considered as a matrix of ferrite phase reinforced by martensite particles. recent measurements show that the mechanical properties of the ferrite phase are changed with the distance from the martensite grains. in this paper, a new method has been proposed to consider this phenomenon in finite element modeling of dual phase steels microstructure. i...

Nano-structured NiTi instantaneously transforms from fcc austenite via an intermediate phase (the R-phase) into monoclinic B19’ martensite. At a grain size less than a critical limit of about 50nm no transformation can be observed even upon cooling down to cryogenic temperatures. In slightly larger grains the martensite appears as a laminate of alternating twinrelated Bain correspondence varian...

This paper provides an overview on obtaining low-carbon ultra-fine grained dual-phase steels through rapid intercritical annealing of cold-rolled sheet as improved materials for automotive applications. A laboratory processing route was designed that involves cold-rolling of a tempered martensite structure followed by a second tempering step to produce a fine grained aggregate of ferrite and ca...

The kinetics of immune escape and reversion depend upon the efficiency of CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and the fitness cost of escape mutations. Escape kinetics of three simian immunodeficiency virus Gag CTL epitopes in pigtail macaques were variable; those of KP9 and AF9 were faster than those of KW9. Kinetics of reversion of escape mutant virus to wild type upon passage to naïve major hi...