In IDEAs, the probability distribution of a selection of solutions is estimated each generation. From this probability distribution, new solutions are drawn. Through the probability distribution, various relations between problem variables can be exploited to achieve efficient optimization. For permutation optimization, only real valued probability distributions have been applied to a real valu...

Software Product Line (SPL) is a software engineering paradigm that is inspired by the concept of reusability of common features, formulated for different software products. Complete testing of all software products in SPL is known to be unfeasible. This is due to the very large number of possible products that can be produced or configured using a combination of features in the SPL. Pairwise T...

In this paper, we discuss multivariately factorized probability distributions for permutation random variables and a greedy approach to estimating these probability distributions from data. We use the representation known as random keys for permutations. The major benefit of using random keys is that no infeasible solution can be generated if crossover is applied in an evolutionary algorithm (E...

The paper concerns with the peculiarities of consumer choice in information product markets. This is a multidisciplinary study based on both information system research and microeconomic theory. An extension is introduced to the conventional general theory of consumer choice for explicitly taking into account the impact of information product quality on consumer behaviour. Multiple quality char...

The paper yields an investigation of the set of all finite measures on the product space with given difference of marginals. Extremal points of this set are characterized and constructed. Sets of uniqueness are studied in the relation to marginal problem. In the optimization problem the support of the optimal measure is described for a class of cost functions. In an example the optimal value is...

Research ...nds that ...rms’ investment decisions are distorted by irreversibility and ...nance constraints. Whereas the existing literature examines the e¤ects of these features separately, this paper studies their interaction. The impact of these constraints on a ...rm’s incentive to invest is characterised using option pricing techniques. Financial constraints reduce the initial capacity, ra...

In this paper, we define a measure of dependency between two random variables, based on the Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence between their joint distribution and the product of their marginal distributions. Then, we show that word2vec’s skip-gram with negative sampling embedding algorithm finds the optimal low-dimensional approximation of this JS dependency measure between the words and their con...

It is easily verified that the quantum Markov property is equivalent to the strong additivity of von Neumann entropy for graded quantum systems. However, the structure of Markov states for graded systems is different from that for tensor-product systems which have trivial grading. For three-composed graded systems we have U(1)-gauge invariant Markov states whose restriction to the marginal pair...

We show that, for the M/M/∞ queue in a Markovian random environment, the joint probability distribution function (pdf) of the two variables: random phase and number of customers in the system, is equal to the product of the corresponding marginal pdfs if and only if the ratio of arrival rate to service rate is the same for all phases. We explicitly derive this joint pdf. Furthermore, for the ge...

where the partition function is defined as Z = ∑ x P̃ (x). Let’s define an approximate distribution Q(X) = ∏ iQi(Xi) as a product of independent marginals Qi(Xi) over each variable in the CRF. For notational clarity we use Qi(Xi) to denote the marginal over variable Xi, rather than the more commonly used Q(Xi). The mean field approximation models a distribution Q(X) that minimizes the KL-diverge...