The current study research showed the nature and potential sources of gaps in mathematics achievement between English language learners (ELLs) non-English (non-ELLs). gap was examined using three DIF methodologies: including Mantel-Haenszel procedure, Rasch model, Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model (HGLM). These were conducted at item level contrast to total test level. Results revealed that...

The congruence between two configurations of points quantifies their similarity. The configurations to be compared are, in general, produced by factor analytic methods which decompose an “observations by variables” data matrix and produce one set of factor scores for the observations and one set of factor scores (i.e., the “loadings”) for the variables. The congruence between two sets of factor...

The purpose of this study was to detect differentially functioning items in the University of Tehran English Proficiency Test (UTEPT) which is a high stake test of English developed and administered by the Language Testing Centre of the University of Tehran. This paper is based on the answers of 400 test takers to the test. All participants earned a master degree either in humanities or science...

In many epidemiological studies, disease occurrences and their rates are naturally modelled by counting processes and their intensities, allowing an analysis based on martingale methods. Applied to the Mantel–Haenszel estimator, these methods lend themselves to the analysis of general control selection sampling designs and the accommodation of time-varying exposures.

Abstract The current study sought to examine the validity of a General English Achievement Test (GEAT), administered university students in fall semester 2018–2019 academic year, by hybridizing differential information (DIF) and distractor function (DDF) analytical models. Using purposive sampling method, from target population undergraduate studying different disciplines at Islamic Azad Univer...

The Chi-Square test (χ 2 test) is a family of tests based on a series of assumptions and is frequently used in the statistical analysis of experimental data. The aim of our paper was to present solutions to common problems when applying the Chi-square tests for testing goodness-of-fit, homogeneity and independence. The main characteristics of these three tests are presented along with various p...

Anthropogenic landscapes influence evolutionary processes such as population genetic differentiation, however, not every type of landscape features exert the same effect on a species, hence it is necessary to estimate their relative effect for species management and conservation. Przewalski's gazelle (Procapra przewalskii), which inhabits a human-altered area on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is one of...