1st century A.D.: Celsius reported that swollen veins over the testis associated are with small testis. Mid-19th century: Inflammation of male and female reproductive organs was treated with ointments, douches and massages. 1881: Dr. Levy a German gynecologist performed a post coital test for an infertile couple and determined that the husband was sterile (no sperm on microscopic exam). Late 19...

Background The obesity pandemic has grown to concerning proportions in recent years, not only in the Western World, but in developing countries as well. The corresponding decrease in male fertility and fecundity may be explained in parallel to obesity. Obesity in men is associated with infertility in numerous studies. MaterialsAndMethods In this review article, electronic searches were undertak...

Background The immotile short tail sperm (ISTS) defect is one of the disorders that cause male infertility. Men with this condition have immotile short-tail sperm with structural defects in the fibrous sheath(FS). A Kinase Anchoring Protein 4 (AKAP4) is one of the most abundant proteins in the fibrous sheathof sperm flagella and provides scaffold for the correct assembly of FS.Since exon 6 of A...

Background: One of the most remarkable processes during spermatogenesis is the drastic change in gene expression. It has been recently proposed that small RNAs such as micorRNAs (miRNAs) contribute a great deal of function in regulation of the gene expression in sperm. Alterations in miRNAs function prove to be detrimental to proper spermatogenesis. As many patients suffer from idiopathic infer...

The aim of the study was to compare the growth performance and carcass quality of layer-type cockerels and broilers reared under identical conditions. A total of 180 one-day-old broiler male (BM), broiler female (BF) and brown layer male (LM) chicks were distributed into 9 floor pens in a completely randomized design, with 3 replicates of 20 birds per experimental unit. The body weights and fee...

Male Colobus vellerosus compete intensely for access to females, which sometimes leads to mortal wounding. Yet, males often form cooperative relationships to overtake prime-aged males and immigrate into bisexual groups. We investigated the factors that predicted the presence of coalitions and affiliative relationships among males in this species. Interactions among males in 292 dyads from six g...