October 2006 | Volume 3 | Issue 10 | e439 Over the past decade, several scholars have advocated for international standards in medical ethics and human rights [1–3]. Others have countered that such standards risk ignoring important cultural differences in the way people conceptualize medical decision-making [4–8]. Within this debate hangs a question for international bioethics: as developing co...

Our objective was to discuss obstacles and barriers to effective communication and collaboration regarding end-of-life issues between intensive care unit nurses and physicians. To evaluate practical interventions for improving communication and collaboration, we undertook a systematic literature review. An increase in shared decision making can result from a better understanding and respect for...

conclusions considering the personal and background characteristics of personnel and understanding their association with stress and stressful situations encompasses the ability to persevere and adapt to contextual stressors. patients and methods in this cross-sectional study, 3643 anonymous questionnaires were disseminated among nurses in different hospitals in tehran, iran, by utilizing multi...

medication errors account for about 78% of serious medical errors in intensive care unit (icu). so far no study has been performed in iran to evaluate all type of possible medication errors in icu. therefore the objective of this study was to reveal the frequency, type and consequences of all type of errors in an icu of a large teaching hospital. the prospective observational study was conducte...

  In this paper, different input-oriented ratio-based DEA (DEA-R-I) models are proposed. By presenting the envelopment-additive-enhanced Russell model based on the DEA-R-I form, each decision making unit is evaluated and its efficiency score is calculated. Also, by presenting the central resource allocation model based on the DEA-R-I form, a suitable benchmark for all DMUs is proposed by solvin...

The formulas of cost and allocative efficiencies of decision making units (DMUs) with positive data cannot be used for DMUs with negative data. On the other hand, these formulas are needed to analyze the productivity and performance of DMUs with negative data. To this end, this study introduces the cost and allocative efficiencies of DMUs with negative data and demonstrates that the introduc...

  In this article, Non radial method of dynamic DEA with the parallel network structure is presented and is used for calculation of relative efficiency measures when inputs and outputs do not change equally. In this model, DMU divisions under evaluation have been put together in parallel. But its dynamic structure is assumed in series. Since in real applications there are undesirable inputs an...