The expressiveness of the C/C++ preprocessing facility enables the development of highly configurable source code. However, the usage of language constructs like macros also bears the potential of resulting in highly incomprehensible and unmaintainable code, which is due to the flexibility and the “cryptic” nature of the preprocessor language. This could be overcome if suitable analysis tools w...

INTRODUCTION Epidemiologic research involves the study of a complex set of host, environmental and causative agent factors as they interact to impact health and diseases in any population. The most advanced of these efforts have focused on micro (cellular) or macro (human) population level studies but lacked the integrative framework as presented in this article. Modeling the cumulative impact ...

A population system can be modelled using a micro model focusing on the individual entities, a macro model where the entities are aggregated into compartments, or a state-based model where each possible discrete state in which the system can exist is represented. However, the concepts, building blocks, procedural mechanisms and the time handling for these approaches are very different. For the ...

This paper addresses the use of hierarchical model structuring mechanisms for the design of embedded systems (in the sense of reactive real-time systems), using Reactive Petri nets. Relevant characteristics of Reactive Petri nets are briefly presented and their main roots are identified, namely Coloured Petri nets, Interpreted and Synchronised Petri nets. Two structuring techniques will be pres...

This tutorial gives an overview about mathematical modeling methods for complex and self-organizing systems. Modeling can be used for the analysis and optimization of existing systems and for the design and engineering of new systems. In this tutorial we classify modeling methods into macro-level modeling and micro-level modeling. By using a micro-level model, the behaviors of all entities of t...

In many situations, researchers collect multilevel (clustered or nested) data yet analyze the data either ignoring the clustering (disaggregation) or averaging the micro-level units within each cluster and analyzing the aggregated data at the macro level (aggregation). In this study we investigate the effects of ignoring the nested nature of data in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The bias ...

Micro–macro simulations of polymeric solutions rely on the coupling between macroscopic conservation equations for the fluid flow and stochastic differential equations for kinetic viscoelastic models at the microscopic scale. In the present work we introduce a novel micro–macro numerical approach, where the macroscopic equations are solved by a finite-volume method and the microscopic equation ...

We consider here the problem of classifying a macro-level object based on measurements of embedded (micro-level) observations within each object, for example, classifying a patient based on measurements on a collection of a random number of their cells. Classification problems with this hierarchical, nested structure have not received the same statistical understanding as the general classifica...

abstract This paper gives an overview of the modelling and simulation system MIMOSE, which consists of a model description language and an experimental frame for the simulation of models. The main purpose of the MIMOSE project was the development of a modelling language which considers special demands of modelling in social science, especially the description of nonlinear, quantitative and qual...