Orthodox macro theories reflect a choice-theoretic orientation wherein aggregate variables act directly on one another. Hence, macro phenomena are reduced to the same order of simplicity as micro phenomena. In contrast, this paper explores how macro theory might be pursued when it is recognized that macro phenomena are of a higher order of complexity than micro phenomena. Rather than reducing m...

This document describes Macro-FF, an adaptive planning system developed on top of FF version 2.3. The original FF is a fully automatic planner that uses a heuristic search approach. In addition, Macro-FF can automatically learn and use macro-actions with the goal of reducing the number of expanded nodes in the search. Macro-FF also includes implementation enhancements for reducing space and CPU...

We consider an enhancement of the credit risk+ model to incorporate correlations between sectors. We model the sector default rates as linear combinations of a common set of independent variables that represent macro-economic variables or risk factors. We also derive the formula for exact VaR contributions at the obligor level.

Many of the findings regarding economic voting derive from the micro-level analyses of survey data, in which respondents’ survey evaluations of the economy are shown to predict the vote. This paper investigates the causal nature of this relationship and argues that cross-sectional consistency between economic evaluations and vote choice is mainly if not entirely due to vote choice influencing t...

Soil organic carbon has been the most important soil quality measurement factors and has intense relation with soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Organic matter and its components are important factors of soil aggregates constitution and stability and play significant role in its structure.So, this research has been done for achieving this purpose. This area is arounding sa...

Objective: Soil organic carbon has been the most important soil quality measurement factors and has intense relation with soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Organic matter and its components are important factors of soil aggregates constitution and stability and play significant role in its structure. So, this research has been done for achieving this purpose. Methods: This...

Macro-finance addresses the link between asset prices and economic fluctuations. Many models reflect the same rough idea: the market’s ability to bear risk varies over time, larger in good times, and less in bad times. Models achieve this similar result by quite different mechanisms, and I contrast their strengths and weaknesses. I outline how macro-finance models may illuminate macroeconomics,...