Associative conditioning involves changes in the processing pathways activated by sensory information to link the conditioned stimulus (CS) to the conditioned behavior. Thus, conditioning can recruit neuronal elements to form new pathways for the processing of the CS and/or can change the strength of existing pathways. Using a behavioral and systems level electrophysiological approach on a trac...

Repeated pesticide contaminations of lentic freshwater systems located within agricultural landscapes may affect population evolution in non-target organisms, especially in species with a fully aquatic life cycle and low dispersal ability. The issue of evolutionary impact of pollutants is therefore conceptually important for ecotoxicologists. The impact of historical exposure to pesticides on g...

We report the first finding of Lymnaea cousini naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica in Ecuador. A sample of 70 snails was collected in April 2005 from a wetland located in a valley at approximately 3000 m a.s.l., near the locality of Machachi, Pichincha Province. The prevalence of natural infection in L. cousini was 31.43%, which is the highest value ever recorded for naturally infected ly...

In the present study molluscicidal activity of methanol extract of stem bark of plant Euphorbia tirucalli (Family: Euphorbiaceae) against two freshwater harmful snails Lymnaea acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus were evaluated in the laboratory as well as in the pond. Both snails are intermediate hosts of liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, which causes endemic fascioliasis i...

Respiration and the whole-body withdrawal are two incompatible behaviors in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Whole-body withdrawal behavior is believed to be higher on the behavioral hierarchy than respiratory behavior. A central pattern generator (CPG) underlies respiratory behavior; whole-body withdrawal is mediated by a network of electrically coupled neurons. In this study, we provid...

the liver fluke, fasciola hepatica, is considered as the most common cause of fasciolosis in both domestic livestock and human. this study was carried out to detect the prevalence of the larval stages of f. hepatica in the snails galba truncatula and lymnaea stagnalis in west azarbaijan, iran. snail collection was performed through searching 28 freshwater habitats from may to december 2010. fol...

background: human echinostomiasis is an intestinal disease caused by the members of family echinostomatidae parasites. the aim of present research was to identify echinos­tomatidae cercariae emitted by lymnaea palustris snails from mazandaran province in the north of iran based on the morphological and morphometrical charac­teristics of the different stages of experimental parasite life cycle. ...

The role of centrally located motoneurones in producing the whole-body withdrawal response of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) was investigated. The motoneurones innervating the muscles used during whole-body withdrawal, the columellar muscle (CM) and the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) were cells with a high resting potential (-60 to -70 mV) and thus a high threshold for spike initiation. In both semi-...

http://sro.sussex.ac.uk Cox, Kingsley J A, Tensen, Cornelis P, Van der Schors, Roel C, Li, Ka Wan, van Heerikhuizen, Harm, Vreugdenhil, Erno, Geraerts, Wijnand P M and Burke, Julian F (1997) Cloning characterisation and expression of a G-protein-couple receptor from Lymnaea stagnalis and identification of a leucokinin-like peptide PSFHSWSamide as its endogenous ligand. Journal of Neuroscience, ...