BACKGROUND Heavy alcohol use during pregnancy can cause considerable developmental problems for children, but effects of light-moderate drinking are uncertain. This study examined possible effects of moderate drinking in pregnancy on children's conduct problems using a Mendelian randomisation design to improve causal inference. METHODS A prospective cohort study (ALSPAC) followed children fro...

BACKGROUND Heightened startle response is a symptom of PTSD, but evidence for exaggerated startle in PTSD is inconsistent. This prospective study aimed to clarify whether altered startle reactivity represents a trait risk-factor for developing PTSD or a marker of current PTSD symptoms. METHODS Marines and Navy Corpsmen were assessed before (n = 2,571) and after (n = 1,632) deployments to Iraq...

The present longitudinal study examined the indirect effect of 6th-grade negative friendship quality on the associations between 5th-grade relational aggression and age 15 social-psychological adjustment (i.e., depressive symptoms and risky behavior). The study consisted of a secondary analysis of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth D...

Higher numbers of manic episodes in bipolar patients has, in cross-sectional studies, been associated with less grey matter volume in prefrontal brain areas. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if manic episodes set off progressive cortical changes, or if the association is better explained by premorbid brain conditions that increase risk for mania. We followed patients with bipolar di...

High mammographic density is a strong breast cancer risk factor. Density normally declines with aging. We investigated whether the level of decline in mammographic density is related to breast cancer risk using a nested case-control study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Prospect cohort. This cohort was recruited among participants of a population-b...

BACKGROUND The consumption of prebiotics (fermentable and nondigestible carbohydrates) has been proposed as a potentially protective factor against overweight and obesity. However, to our knowledge, no previous prospective studies have assessed the association between the consumption of prebiotics and the incidence of overweight or obesity. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association between prebi...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies that report the relationship between alcohol consumption and disease risk have predominantly operationalized drinking according to a single baseline measure. The resulting assumption of longitudinal stability may be simplistic and complicate interpretation of risk estimates. This study aims to describe changes to the volume of consumption during the adult life-course...

BACKGROUND Reflection is an important cognitive process in workplace learning; however, it occurs only rarely on its own and therefore needs additional support. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the effect of software applications (apps) that aim to support reflection on hospital staff's actual reflection behavior. In doing so, we also analyzed the relationship between reflection and t...

The Northern Swedish Cohort was started by Anne Hammarström [principal investigator (PI)] in collaboration with Urban Janlert and other researchers within the field of social medicine (Ragnar Berfenstam, Finn Diderichsen, Töres Theorell, Lars H Gustafsson, Claes Sundelin, Gustav Jonsson). At that time, the PI was a newly qualified registered medical doctor and was searching for a PhD project. A...

OBJECTIVE The dual pathway model, a theoretical model of eating disorder development, suggests that thin ideal internalization leads to body dissatisfaction which leads to disordered eating via the dual pathways of negative affect and dietary restraint. While the dual pathway model has been a valuable guide for eating disorder prevention, greater knowledge of characteristics that predict thin i...