Abstract Ignorance is commonly assumed to be a lack of knowledge in Plato’s Socratic dialogues. I challenge that assumption. In the Protagoras , ignorance conceived substantive, structural psychic flaw—the soul’s domination by inferior elements are nature fit ruled. Ignorant people characterized both false beliefs about evaluative matters specific situations and an enduring deception their own ...

abstract the word science has gone through semantic change in different historical periods and in relation to the cultural and social circumstances of the time and thus has been used in various senses. a semantic study of word in the pre- and post-islamic eras will reveal that the word has been used in different and even opposite senses. this means that, in the age of ignorance (pre-islamic era...

This paper studies the consequences of alternative ways of representing uncertainty about a law of motion in a version of a classic macroeconomic targetting problem of Milton Friedman (1953). We study both “unstructured uncertainty” – ignorance of the conditional distribution of the target next period as a function of states and controls – and more “structured uncertainty” – ignorance of the pr...