Item analysis is performed by developers as an integral part of the scale development process. Thus, items are excluded from depending on item prior to factor analysis. Existing discrimination indices calculated based correlation, yet with different response patterns likely have a similar index. This study proposed new index that can be used in Likert type scales and examined its effect results...

Social comparison theory maintains that people think about themselves compared with similar others. Those in one culture, then, compare themselves with different others and standards than do those in another culture, thus potentially confounding cross-cultural comparisons. A pilot study and Study 1 demonstrated the problematic nature of this reference-group effect: Whereas cultural experts agre...

The purpose of this study was to provide greater assurance of quality in Internetbased courses. Current literature supports the assumption that the inclusion of constructivist principles in online courses adds to course quality. Therefore, identifying indicators of constructivist learning theory is important to the development of online courses. A peer-nominated panel of national experts in con...

BACKGROUND To clarify the relationship between the probability of prostate cancer scaled using a 5-point Likert system and the biological characteristics of corresponding tumor foci. METHODS The present study involved 44 patients undergoing 3.0-Tesla multiparametric MRI before laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Tracing based on pathological and MRI findings was performed. The relationship be...

PURPOSE To assess the factors influencing multiparametric (MP) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging accuracy in estimating prostate cancer histologic volume (Vh). MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective database of 202 patients who underwent MP MR imaging before radical prostatectomy was retrospectively used. Institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained. Two independent radio...

BACKGROUND The main aim of this pilot study was to investigate an advanced version of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for reducing anxiety. METHODS Fifty participants were asked at two times of measurement (T1 and T2 with a rest of 4 weeks) to generate anxiety via the recall of autobiographical memories according to their anxiety. Furthermore, the participants were random...

PURPOSE To compare the responses related to vocal symptoms in two versions of the Vocal Production Condition - Teacher (CPV-T) questionnaire, with responses on a Likert scale and a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), in order to evaluate which is the best measurement method. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with teachers with voice disorders during the period from July 2011 ...

BACKGROUND Visual analogue scales (VASs) have been shown to be valid measurement instruments and a better alternative to Likert-type scales in Internet-based research, both empirically and theoretically [1,2]. Upsides include more differentiated responses, better measurement level, and less error. Their feasibility and properties in the context of eHealth, however, have not been examined so far...

building a research questionnaire and using assessment tools play a crucial role in social, management and behavioral sciences. scales and questionnaires are deemed wrongly as the same tools, but in spite of the similarities they are basically and technically different. although making a research scale or questionnaire may seem quite an easy job for some researchers, gathered results by these t...