The reinforcing effects of D(1-like) and D(2-like) agonists, and their capacity to modify cocaine self-administration, were compared in rats with extensive cocaine self-administration experience. Cocaine (0.01-1.0 mg i.v.) dose-dependently maintained responding under a fixed ratio (FR) 5 schedule of reinforcement, and an inverted U-shaped function characterized the relationship between unit dos...

Integrating different knowledge representation languages is clearly an important topic. This allows, for instance, for a unified representation of knowledge coming from different sources, each source using one of the integrated languages for its knowledge representation. This is of special importance for QSR languages, for such a language makes only a finite number of distinctions: integrating ...

Gecko adhesion has become a paradigmatic example of bio-inspired engineering, yet among the many gecko-like synthetic adhesives (GSAs), truly gecko-like performance remains elusive. Many GSAs have previously demonstrated one or two features of the gecko adhesive. We present a new wedge-shaped GSA that exhibits several gecko-like properties simultaneously: directional features; zero force at det...

AIM2-like receptors (ALRs) are a family of nucleic acid sensors essential for innate immune responses against viruses and bacteria. We performed an evolutionary analysis of ALR genes (MNDA, PYHIN1, IFI16, and AIM2) by analyzing inter- and intraspecies diversity. Maximum-likelihood analyses indicated that IFI16 and AIM2 evolved adaptively in primates, with branch-specific selection at the catarr...

P<P Published online 18 March 2009 in advance of the print journal. Rapid response http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/letters/submit/royinterface;rsif.2009.0048v1 Respond to this article Subject collections (18 articles) biomimetics • Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections Email alerting service here right-hand corner of the article or click Receive free email...

The neuromodulator dopamine plays an important role in synaptic plasticity. The effects are determined by receptor subtype specificity, concentration level, and the kind of neuroplasticity induced. D1-like receptors have been proposed to be involved in cognitive processes via their impact on plasticity. Cognitive studies in humans and animals revealed a dosage-dependent effect of D1-like recept...

Case Description- A seven-year-old male donkey was admitted with a history of left scrotal swelling with ulcerating wound since 2 years.Clinical Findings- The left scrotum was painful. There was ulcerating and hypergranulating wound discharging bloody discharge. The wall of the scrotum was found thick and infiltratedwith soft slimy non capsulated and lobulated fibrous tissue masses. The left te...

The effect of bradykinin on prostaglandin E 2 formation in cells from human trabecular bone has been studied. The cells responded to parathyroid hormone with enhanced cyclic AMP formation and were growing as cuboidal-shaped, osteoblast-like cells. In these isolated human osteoblast-like cells, bradykinin (1 #tool/l) caused a rapid (5 min) stimulation of prostaglandin E2 formation. This finding ...

This paper introduces a new algorithm for accurately reconstructing two smooth orthogonal surfaces by processing ultrasonic data. The proposed technique is based on a preliminary analysis of a waveform energy indicator in order to classify the data as belonging to one of the two flat surfaces. The following minimization of a nonlinear cost function, inspired by the mathematical definition of Gi...

Drug dissolution studies are commonly conducted using compendial methods employing USP Paddle and Basket apparatuses. In many cases, dissolution studies can be of limited benefit especially for product-dependent dissolution procedures like in extended release (ER) formulations. The high variability in dissolution testing, that is not productrelated, emphasizes the need for developing new method...