The econometric literature of high frequency data usually relies on moment estimators which are derived from assuming local constancy of volatility and related quantities. We here show that this first order approximation is not always valid if used näıvely. We find that such approximations require an ex post adjustment involving asymptotic likelihood ratios. These are given. Several examples (p...

Institutional barriers to entry were removed to a considerable extent in 1996 in the Dutch retail sector. Three years before that the regulator decided to not take legal actions anymore against entrants violating institutional requirements. In the current analysis we investigate the effects of the deregulation during that 1993-1995 period using a recently developed model by Carree and Thurik (1...

The authors investigated the effects of visual properties of hierarchical graphs on speed of comprehension: planarity (crossing of lines), slopes (orientation of lines), and levels (adjustment of dots). In each of 4 experiments, 30 participants responded to interpretive questions that required comparisons among the elements of the graph. Knowledge provided to participants differed across Experi...

Firstly, this article establishes the mathematical models and speed principles of brushless DC motors. Next, it designs fuzzy PID controllers and current adjustors based on the adjusting speed theory and characteristics of brushless DC motors, which form double closed-loops to achieve intellectualized adjustment of brushless DC motors, creating the best effects simultaneously.

Introducing a process model of power and institutional change, I argue that actors may seek power by creating, supporting, or modifying institutions. Lacking unilateral authority to enact new institutions, actors can leverage symbolic resources into coercive resources, which may require making concessions to multiple logics and stakeholders. The emergent organizations and institutions are then ...

How do firms finance large cash flow requirements? We examine this in the context of firms that are subject to substantial cash flow requirements. We find that trade credit, inventory and cash stock reductions are all important in the short term for mild requirements. Larger and longer cash flow shortages give rise to more equity than debt finance. After the shocks, firms gradually adjust their...

This paper presents a new ground penetrating radar (GPR) design approach using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and compressive sensing (CS) algorithms. OFDM technique is applied to leverage GPR operating speed with multiple frequency tones transmission and receiving concurrently, and CS technique allows utilizing reduced frequency tones without compromising data reconstruction...

Considering the high consumption of the air compressors, a control system of screw compressor is designed and implemented to deal with energy saving and localization of mentioned compressor. In this paper the variable speed drive (VSD) control algorithm based on proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is optimized to decrease power consumption and more stable motor speed and outlet pr...