Observations of the highest redshift clusters provide the longest lever arm in the attempt to evaluate the evolution of their bulk properties. I present the most recent results on galaxy cluster evolution based on data from the ROSAT North Ecliptic Pole survey. At z > 0.3 there is a deficit of clusters with respect to the local universe which is significant at > 4.7σ. The evolution appears to b...

We perform scanning-gate microscopy on a quantum-point contact. It is defined in a high-mobility twodimensional electron gas of an AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure, giving rise to a weak disorder potential. The lever arm of the scanning tip is significantly smaller than that of the split gates defining the conducting channel of the quantum-point contact. We are able to observe that the conducting ch...

Despite the recent advances in single-molecule manipulation techniques, purely mechanical approaches cannot detect subtle conformational changes in the biologically important regime of weak forces. We developed a hybrid scheme combining force and fluorescence that allowed us to examine the effect of subpiconewton forces on the nanometer scale motion of the Holliday junction (HJ) at 100-hertz ba...

Myosin V is a two-headed processive motor protein that walks in a hand-over-hand fashion along actin filaments. When it encounters a filament branch, formed by the Arp2/3 complex, it can either stay on the straight mother filament, or switch to the daughter filament. We study both probabilities using the elastic lever arm model for myosin V. We calculate the shapes and bending energies of all r...

Dr. Hong is Chairman, Department of Orthodontics, Chong-A Dental Hospital, and Clinical Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. Drs. Lim and Heo are in the private practice of orthodontics in Seoul. Dr. Heo is also a Clinical Professor, Department of Dentistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea. Dr. Ahn is an As...

BACKGROUND Clinical guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence recommend the use of an intramedullary nail for the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures.1 Reverse oblique fractures are associated with varus malunion,2 which defunctions the abductors by placing them at a mechanical disadvantage and increases the lever arm across the fracture. Most modern nails hav...

Myosin V was the first discovered processive motor from the myosin family. It has therefore been subject of a number of mechanical, kinetic, optical and structural studies and now belongs to the best characterised motor proteins. This effort has been accompanied by a number of different theoretical models. In this article we give an overview of them and discuss what they have in common and wher...

Laboratory experiments were conducted to test the ability of loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings (Caretta caretta L.) to orient using the magnetic field of the earth. Hatchlings were tethered to a rotatable lever-arm apparatus which tracked swimming orientation in complete darkness. Hatchlings tested in the earth's magnetic field were nonrandomly oriented with a mean angle of 42°; those tested und...

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be an exciting, highly capable tool, able to make important contributions to studies of stellar populations in nearby galaxies, including our own. JWST observations will contribute to: (1) the study of the star formation histories of nearby galaxies, exploiting the large lever arm provided by visibleinfrared colors; (2) the derivation of the properties...

BACKGROUND Clinical guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence recommend the use of an intramedullary nail for the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures.1 Reverse oblique fractures are associated with varus malunion,2 which defunctions the abductors by placing them at a mechanical disadvantage and increases the lever arm across the fracture. Most modern nails hav...