The rapid and simultaneous depression of the trochantera about the coxae of both hind legs of leafhoppers are the key joint movements powering a jump. The present study analyses the structure of these joints and the actions of the muscles that move them. The hind coxae are huge and are linked to each other at the midline by a protrusion from one coxa that inserts in a socket of the other and ac...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The lateral rectus-superior rectus band is an orbital connective tissue structure that has been implicated in a form of strabismus termed sagging eye syndrome. Our purpose was to define the normal MR imaging and CT appearance of this band in patients without strabismus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Orbital MR imaging and CT examinations in 100 consecutive patients without stra...

BACKGROUND Levator plate sagging (LPS), usually called descending perineum syndrome, is one of the main defects encountered in perineology. This defect is classically associated with colo-proctologic functional troubles (dyschesia and anal incontinence) but can also induce perineodynia, gynaecological and lower urinary tract symptoms. METHODS A retrospective case series of nine female patient...

Because levator ani (LA) muscle injuries occur in approximately 13% of all vaginal births, insights are needed to better prevent them. In Part I of this paper, we conducted an analysis of the bony and soft tissue factors contributing to the geometric "capacity" of the maternal pelvis and pelvic floor to deliver a fetal head without incurring stretch injury of the maternal soft tissue. In Part I...

The levator palpebrae superioris muscles from 12 cases of Marcus Gunn phenomenon were examined histologically by means of histochemistry and morphometry. The appearances were of a neurogenic atrophy with pathological changes occurring in both the affected side and the clinically normal side, suggesting that the causative lesion was located in the central nervous system.

OBJECTIVE We describe a new parameter based on magnetic resonance 3-dimensional (3D) reconstructions proposed to evaluate levator ani muscle (LAM) laxity in women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). STUDY DESIGN This is an institutional review board-approved, retrospective chart review of 35 women with POP, stages I-IV. The 3D Slicer software package was used to perform 2-dimensional and 3D mea...

RATIONALE Diabetic oculomotor nerve palsies, also called ischemic third nerve palsies, are the most common etiologic subset of oculomotor nerve palsy in adults. Diabetic oculomotor nerve palsies typically present with ptosis and diplopia, but pupillary function is often spared. The oculomotor nerve separates into superior division and inferior division, with the superior division innervating th...

Topical Bimatoprost is a common and popular prostaglandin analog used as an ocular hypotensive agent in the treatment of glaucoma. Side effects include ocular hyperaemia, ocular pruritus, and periocular and iris pigmentary changes. Perioribital lipodystrophy is another well-documented outcome associated with chronic use of topical bimatoprost, which results in periorbital hallowing, upper eyeli...