Putin’s fourth term as president (2018–2024) has involved new challenges for Russia’s hybrid regime. COVID-19 hit the Kremlin at a sensitive time, when old institutional forces had been demounted and arrangements, including extensive constitutional changes, yet to become cemented. There is an emerging gulf between state rhetoric, PR events, patriotic performances, on one hand, economic chaos, s...

Actors in a market affiliate with various categories, which undergo different processes of legitimation, both informal and formal, over time. This paper explores the role of formal codification in the categorization of identity under social movement processes. Using the identity claims of U.S. organic food wholesalers from 1988 through 2001, I find that the enactment of state laws, a type of fo...