The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been clearly implicated in stimulus–reward learning, but the exact contribution it makes to this process is not well understood. To address this issue, rats with lesions of periand postgenual ACC were tested using a variety of tasks to which stimulus–reward learning was expected to contribute. Unexpectedly, rats with ACC lesions learned to approach a food...

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been clearly implicated in stimulus–reward learning, but the exact contribution it makes to this process is not well understood. To address this issue, rats with lesions of periand postgenual ACC were tested using a variety of tasks to which stimulus–reward learning was expected to contribute. Unexpectedly, rats with ACC lesions learned to approach a food...

A group of seventh- and eighth-grade Italian students with low achievement (LA) in learning English as a foreign language (FL) was selected and compared to a group with high achievement (HA) in FL learning. The two groups were matched for age and nonverbal intelligence. Two experiments were conducted to examine the participants' verbal and nonverbal learning skills, such as native language read...

There is widespread agreement that multiple qualitatively different category learning systems mediate the learning of different category structures. Two systems that have received support are (1) a frontal-based explicit system that uses logical reasoning, depends on working memory and executive attention, and is mediated primarily by the anterior cingulate, the prefrontal cortex, and the assoc...

A leading hypothesis to explain the social dysfunction in people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is that they exhibit a deficit in reward processing and motivation specific to social stimuli. However, there have been few direct tests of this hypothesis to date. Here we used an instrumental reward learning task that contrasted learning with social rewards (pictures of positive and negative ...

Searches for new physics often face unknown backgrounds, causing false detections or weakened upper limits. This paper introduces the ``deficit hawk'' technique, which mitigates backgrounds by testing multiple options data cuts, such as fiducial volumes energy thresholds. Combining power of likelihood ratios with robustness interval-searching techniques, deficit hawks could improve mean limits ...

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether hyperactive boys have a unique deficit in sustained attention. Groups with DSM-III diagnoses of attention deficit disorder (ADDH), conduct disorder (CD), ADDH + CD, and learning disorder were compared with normal controls on the Continuous Performance Task. In Experiment 1, stimulus presentation rate (stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA) and displa...