ntelligent human action is goal-directed, but when pain, fear, or danger intrude, it is difficult to sustain the mental equilibrium to follow through, even if the goal is very important and the action critical. Hence, the need for courage. As Aquinas put it, the virtue of courage is "to remove any obstacle that withdraws the will from following the reason."1 Such overcoming of dangers, pain, an...

The concept of justice has been a constant issue since its conception. Greeks also attempted to define justice. They have observed as goodness in deeds and so virtue. In the Greek mind, fairness was an attribute spirit or soul, while injustice sin. Both Plato Aristotle defined kindness well desire follow law. It alluded connection between rights duties. human interactions, pinnacle excellence a...

3. Animal knowledge is essentially apt belief, to be distinguished from the more demanding reflective knowledge. This is not to say that the word ‘knows’ is ambiguous. Maybe it is, but distinguishing a kind of knowledge as “animal” knowledge requires no commitment to that linguistic thesis. Indeed it requires no definition of the word ‘knows’ at all. One might take this to be primitive and stil...

relationship of government with the people is problem of human,that thought of the most of thinkers have engaged in that. balkhi ,the great thinker is not only disregard this problem but also has paid in his works about it. he also emphasizing features such as justice, knowledge, virtue, spirituality that specifies eligibilities of the government, says the good government is spiritual governmen...

The concept of moral identity based on virtue ethics has become an issue of considerable import in explaining moral behavior. This attempt to offer adequate explanations of the full range of morally relevant human behavior inevitably provokes boundary issues between ethics and moral psychology. In terms of the relationship between the two disciplines, some argue for “naturalized (or psychologiz...

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates human actions. Philosophical ethics differs from legal, religious, cultural and personal approaches to ethics by seeking to conduct the study of morality through a rational, secular outlook that is grounded in notions of human happiness or well-being. A major advantage of a philosophical approach to ethics...

The question whether it is possible to be both a Humean and a contractarian arises from the interpretation of Hume as a theorist of spontaneous order, a theory that is usually taken to be incompatible with contractarianism. I argue that this interpretation is unconvincing and anachronistic. The real reason why it is problematic to view Hume as a contractarian is not because he is proponent of s...

We give an estimate of the gravitational field of force exerted on a test particle by the far galaxies, in the frame of the weak field approximation. In virtue of Hubble’s law, the action of the far matter turns out to be non negligible, and even the dominant one. An extremely simplified cosmological model is considered. A nonvanishing contribution is obtained only if the discrete and fractal n...