form-centered reading is a trend which has existed among muslim critics long ago and been reflected further as “formalist” in modern era. such type of view about a textinvestigates it as a linguistic innovation. from formalists' point of view, a literary text contains a fundamental elementcalled text literature which a literate can achieve it through different mechanisms which itself gives...

We make a distinction between the spectroscopic and the mesoscopic conductance of a closed ring. We show that the latter is not simply related to the Landauer conductance of the corresponding open system. A new ingredient in the theory is related to the non-universal structure of the perturbation matrix which is generic for quantum chaotic systems. These structures may create bottlenecks that s...

Network models of dirty electronic systems are mapped onto an interacting field theory of lower dimensionality by interpreting one space dimension as time. This is accomplished via Feynman’s interpretation of antiparticles as particles moving backwards in time. The method developed maps calculation of the moments of the Landauer conductance onto calculation of correlation functions of an intera...

We make a distinction between the spectroscopic and the mesoscopic conductance of closed systems. We show that the latter is not simply related to the Landauer conductance of the corresponding open system. A new ingredient in the theory is related to the non-universal structure of the perturbation matrix which is generic for quantum chaotic systems. These structures may created bottlenecks that...

We calculate the linear response thermopower S of a quantum point contact using the Landauer formula and therefore assume non-interacting electrons. The purpose of the paper, is to compare analytically and numerically the linear thermopower S of non-interacting electrons to the low temperature approximation, S = (π/3e)k BT∂μ[lnG(μ, T = 0)], and the so-called Mott expression, S M = (π/3e)k BT∂μ[...

Even so, for decades now, researchers have known ways to automatically evaluate student writing. What’s been lacking, explains Tom Landauer, executive vice president at the Knowledge Technologies group of Pearson, is the computer processing power to make grading practical. Processing power has now become a nonissue, of course. At the same time, Landauer says, “The algorithms used to analyze stu...

URING 1937 some abnormal chicks appeared among the progenies of two D different breeding pens of our experimental flock of fowls. These chicks showed a close outward resemblance to specimens of the dominant rumpless variation and its intermediate modifications (DUNN 1925; LANDAUER and DUNN 1925; LANDAUER 1928). The simultaneous occurrence of a number of such rumpless birds suggested that we wer...

Introduction: The use of long-half-life Cobalt source instead of iridium source will be very helpful in HDR brachytherapy for treatment of cervical cancer. The aim of this study was compared the treatment time with cobalt and iridium source in brachytherapy for treatment of cervical cancer using Tandem-ovoid applicator. Materials and Methods: In this study, 19...