The absorption law of Lambert-Beer gives rise to the linear relationship between the attenuation and the thickness of the material. However, this law is only true for a monochromatic beam. For polychromatic sources used in medical computer tomography (CT) and microtomography, this linear relationship no longer holds, which leads to beam hardening. When the beam hardening effect is not accounted...

In order for auralization to better replicate the binaural listening experience in a space, acoustic scattering in the room impulse response (RIR) must be more accurately calculated. Three models are discussed and used in room computations and auralizations: Lambert scattering, edge-diffraction models based on the Biot-Tolstoy-Medwin technique, and boss models for protuberances on reflecting su...

Modern Logic, forthcoming. 9. K. Lambert, editor. Philosophical Applications of Free Logic. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991. 10. Karel Lambert. Nonextensionality. In W. Lenzen, editor, Festschrift fur Franz von Kutschera. de Gruyter, Berlin, 1997. 11. Karel Lambert and Bas van Fraassen. Derivation and Counterexample: An Introduction to Philosophical Logic. Dickenson, Encino, CA, 1972. 12...

UNLABELLED INTRODUCTION Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is a rare disorder and it is known as a paraneoplastic neurological syndrome. Small cell lung cancer often accompanies this syndrome. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome associated with lung adenocarcinoma is extremely rare; there are only a few reported cases worldwide. CASE PRESENTATION A 75-year-old Japanese man with a past history...

This work presents the use of extended Modi ̄ed Lambert Beer (MLB) model for accurate and continuous monitoring of percent blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) (SCO) and oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) saturation (SO2) via a ̄tting procedure. This quanti ̄cation technique is based on the absorption characteristics of hemoglobin derivatives in the wavelength range of 520–600 nm to give the best estimates of the re...

Intraoperative optical imaging is a localization technique for the functional areas of human brain cortex during neurosurgical procedures. However, it still lacks robustness to be used as clinical standard. In particular new biomarkers functionality with improved sensitivity and specificity are needed. We present method real time identification activated cortical based on analysis hemodynamic u...