1389-1286/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier B.V doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2008.12.009 * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (L.F. Caro [email protected] (D. Papadimitriou), joseluis Marzo). Ethernet is positioning itself as an aggregation technology for carrier transport networks; however, as it was designed for local area networks, native bridged Ethernet does not fulfil...

Label-switching technology enables high performance and flexible layer-3 packet forwarding based on the fixed-length label information that is mapped to the layer-3 packet stream. A label-switching router (LSR) forwards layer-3 packets based on their layer-3 address information or their label information that is mapped to the layer-3 address information. Two label-mapping policies have been pro...

BACKGROUND Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to explore the safety and efficacy of open-label tofacitinib following blinded treatment with adalimumab or tofacitinib for moderate to severe RA. METHODS Analyses included patients treated with adalimumab 40 mg once every 2 weeks or tofacitinib 10 mg twice daily ...

IT outsourcing contracts are often discontinued in favor of other alternatives (returning to in-house development, or switching to another vendor). Switching costs are experienced when terminating a business relationship and securing an alternative. We tried to answer the question: do switching costs matter significantly in the strategic choice to continue outsourcing, switch vendors, or backso...

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) was originally intended as a fast switching technique for core networks, but proved to be very useful for providing traffic engineering and QoS Routing capabilities in the Internet. Hence, MPLS is beginning to appear at the edge of networks as well as in the network core. Modern edge routers are typically provided with a multi-layer switching capability to s...

In MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) over optical networks, both the optical level and the MPLS level fault recovery can be considered. Generally, a more flexible path arrangement can be realized by the MPLS level recovery, while fast recovery can be achieved by the optical level recovery. When the optical level recovery is adopted, only normal traffic is carried through the working lightpa...

In this paper, we attempt to present a comparison through rigorous studies (existing conventional models) following software based modeling and verifications through simulations in terms of various traffic parameters such as packet loss, Recovery Time (Latency), reordering of packets including recovery time for various widely used path recovery models for the purpose of end-to-end recovery of L...

The issue of transport capacity of a randomly deployed wireless network under random (c, f ) channel assignment was considered by us in [1]. We showed in [1] that when the number of available channels is c = O(logn), and each node has a single interface assigned a random f subset of channels, the capacity is Ω(W √ f cn logn ) and O(W √ prnd n logn ), and conjectured that capacity is Θ(W √ prnd ...

Multiprotocol Label Switching Traffic Engineered (MPLS TE) Label Switched Paths (LSPs) may be established wholly within an Autonomous System (AS) or may cross AS boundaries. The Path Computation Element (PCE) is a component that is capable of computing constrained paths for (G)MPLS TE LSPs. The PCE Communication Protocol (PCECP) is defined to allow communication between Path Computation Clients...

The convergence of wireless networks can primarily be observed in cellular networks that are going to comprise a variety of different access technologies. The handover solutions currently deployed in the core networks of cellular systems will thus have to be extended or replaced in order to allow seamless packet-switched services between the legacy and the new access technologies. In this paper...