let $g=(v, e)$ be a graph. by emph{directional labeling (ord-labeling)} of an edge $x=uv$ of $g$ by an ordered $n$-tuple$(a_1,a_2,...,a_n)$, we mean a labeling of the edge $x$ such thatwe consider the label on $uv$ as $(a_1,a_2,...,a_n)$ in thedirection from $u$ to $v$, and the label on $x$ as$(a_{n},a_{n-1},...,a_1)$ in the direction from $v$ to $u$. inthis paper, we study graphs, called emph{...

A family of methods that generate soft labels by mixing the hard with a certain distribution, namely label refurbishment, are widely used to train deep neural networks. However, some these still poorly understood in presence noise. In this paper, we revisit four refurbishment and reveal strong connection between them. We find they affect network models different manners. Two them smooth estimat...

In multi-label classification, where a single example may be associated with several class labels at the same time, ability to model dependencies between is considered crucial effectively optimize non-decomposable evaluation measures, such as Subset 0/1 loss. The gradient boosting framework provides well-studied foundation for learning models that are specifically tailored loss function and rec...

This essay examines how and with what consequences people become labelled as refugees within the context of public policy practices, Conceptual and operational limitations to the existing definition of refugees are noted. These, the paper contends, derive from the absence of a systematic study of labelling processes in the donative policy discourse associated with refugees. The paper outlines t...

The sole data item in the category ENTRY, _entry.id, is a label that identifies the current data block. This label is used as the formal key in several categories that record information that is relevant to the entire data block (e.g. _cell.entry_id, _geom.entry_id), so care should be taken to select a label that is informative and unique. Data items in the ENTRY_LINK category record the relati...

Children’s ability to name an object by multiple semantically similar labels (i.e. synonyms) has been documented by the age of three; however, the ability to reason using semantically similar labels remains sparsely investigated. The present study expands our understanding of children’s ability to utilize semantically similar labels in two relational reasoning tasks – a semantic completion task...

We framed trust games played by Americans with the concept of osotua, a Maasai label for a type of gift-giving relationship shaped by feelings of mutual respect, restraint, and responsibility. As a control, one third of the participants (N = 70) read a text unrelated to social life. The other two-thirds (N = 140) read about Maasai and osotua. Half of those who read about Maasai and osotua playe...

Multi-label problems arise in various domains such as multitopic web page categorization, protein function prediction, and automated newswire classification. One natural way to deal with such problems is to construct a binary classifier for each label, resulting in a set of independent binary classification problems. Since the multiple labels share the same input space, and the semantics convey...

In programming languages, existential quantification is useful for describing relationships among members of a structured type. For example, we may have a list in which there exists some mutual exclusion lock l in each list element such that l protects the data stored in that element. With this information, a static analysis can reason about the relationship between locks and locations in the l...

We develop a Tanner graph (TG) construction for an Abelian group block code with arbitrary alphabets at different coordinates, an important application of which is the representation of the label code of a lattice. The construction is based on the modular linear constraints imposed on the code symbols by a set of generators for the dual code . As a necessary step toward the construction of a TG...