BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) leads to deficits in executive function, including verbal and nonverbal fluency, as a result of compromised frontostriatal circuits. It is unknown whether deficits in verbal and nonverbal fluency in PD are driven by certain subgroups of patients, or how strategy use may facilitate performance. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-five nondemented individuals with PD, includi...

ed from multiple episodic memories and can be accessed independently from the original contexts. Successful contextual learning depends on the quality of the linguistic context in which new words are encountered, with little or no contextual learning commonly observed for low-constraint or misleading (inconsistent) contexts (Batterink & Neville, 2011; Borovsky, Elman, & Kutas, 2012; Borovsky, K...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The study's objective was to determine whether participation in an international health rotation in a Spanish-speaking country (immersion) is associated with improved Spanish fluency compared to participation in domestic medical Spanish coursework alone. METHODS Participants matriculated at one US medical school in the years 2004--2008. At matriculation (baseline), a...

Reading fluency is one of the underlying factors of successful language curricula and it is also one of the defining characteristics of good readers. A lack of fluency is a common characteristic of struggling readers. There is a growing body of research that demonstrates proficiency in reading fluency is important for success in learning to read English. While the role of reading fluency is inc...

Languages have formulaic multiword sequences (MWSs) which occur repeatedly in speech and writing (e.g., Nattinger & DeCarrico, 1992; Siyanova-Chanturia Pellicer-Sánchez, 2018). For learners, then, the production of MWSs is an important element developing spoken language that complex, accurate, fluent. Though use for achieving proficiency, it unclear whether supports or hinders another aspect le...

the purpose of the present study was to identify any significant relationship between critical thinking ability, l2 vocabulary knowledge, and l2 vocabulary learning strategies of iranian efl learners. to this aim, the productive vocabulary levels test was administered to measure the learner’s l2 vocabulary knowledge and observe homogeneity in terms of vocabulary knowledge. at the second stage, ...

OBJECTIVE While Parkinson's disease (PD) has traditionally been defined by motor symptoms, many researches have indicated that mild cognitive impairment is common in non-demented PD patients. The purpose of this study was to compare verbal fluency performance in non-demented Parkinson's disease patients with healthy controls. METHOD In this cross-sectional study thirty non-demented Parkinson'...

The verbal fluency task is a widely used neuropsychological test of word retrieval efficiency. Both category fluency (e.g., list animals) and letter fluency (e.g., list words that begin with F) place demands on semantic memory and executive control functions. However letter fluency places greater demands on executive control than category fluency, making this task well-suited to investigating p...

According to the processing fluency theory, higher ease of processing a stimulus leads to higher feelings of fluency and more positive evaluations. However, it is unclear whether feelings of fluency are positive or an unspecific activation and whether feelings of fluency are directly attributed to the stimulus even without much positive feelings. In two experiments, we tested how variations in ...

The main goal of this study was to produce adjusted normative data for the Portuguese population on two verbal fluency measures: the semantic fluency test (animals category) and the phonemic fluency test (letters M, R, and P). The study included 950 community-dwelling individuals (624 women and 326 men) aged between 18 and 98 (mean = 57.8, SD = 19.0), who had educational backgrounds ranging fro...