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Bcl-B protein is an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family protein that contains all the four BH (Bcl-2 homology) domains (BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4) and a predicted C-terminal transmembrane domain. Our previous results showed that Bcl-B binds Bax and suppresses apoptosis induced by over-expression of Bax; however, Bcl-B does not bind or suppress Bak. To explore the molecular basis for the diffe...

PURPOSE To investigate the safety of five types of antiglaucoma prostaglandin analog ophthalmic formulations, and to clarify their differences in accordance with contained additives (preservatives and surface-active agents). METHODS THE FOLLOWING FIVE TYPES OF OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS AND THREE TYPES OF ADDITIVES WERE INVESTIGATED: latanoprost (Xalatan(®); latanoprost), tafluprost (Tapros(®); taf...

One of the key problems related to the Bak–Sneppen evolution model on the circle is computing the limit distribution of the fitness at a fixed observation vertex in the stationary regime as the size of the system tends to infinity. Some simulations have suggested that this limit distribution is uniform on (f,1) for some f ∼ 2/3. In this article, we prove that the mean of the fitness in the stat...

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an essential process in all multi-cellular organisms. It is indispensable to an organism’s survival, preventing the malicious propagation of DNA damage and pathogenic alterations, through the clean disposal of afflicted cells. The BAD/tBID/BAK pathway is a portion of the apoptosis molecular pathway, albeit an important pathway since it is known to be dere...

The Bak-Sneppen model is a well-known stochastic model of evolution that exhibits self-organized criticality; only a few analytical results have been established for it so far. We report a surprising connection between Bak-Sneppen-type models and more tractable Markov processes that evolve without any reference to an underlying topology. Specifically, we show that in the case of a large number ...

M11L, a 166-amino-acid antiapoptotic protein of myxoma virus, was previously shown to bind to the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor by hydrophobic interactions at the outer mitochondrial membrane. Here we demonstrate that an additional property of M11L is the ability to constitutively form inhibitory complexes with the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bak in human cells. This binding interacti...

AIM To compare the conjunctival and corneal reactions of commercially available solution of latanoprost (Xalatan) and preservative-free (PF) tafluprost in rabbits. METHODS The rabbits received 50 microl of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), PF-tafluprost 0.0015%, latanoprost 0.005% or benzalkonium chloride (BAK) 0.02%; all solutions were applied at 5 min intervals for a total of 15 times. The o...

Mechanisms underlying apoptosis induced by concomitant interruption of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (MEK/ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways were investigated in human leukemia cells. Inhibition of these pathways using the MEK inhibitor PD184352 or U0126 and the PI3K/ Akt inhibitor perifosine strikingly induced ...