natural gas is often associated with nitrogen and heavy compounds. the heavy components in the natural gas not only can feed downstream units, owing to the low temperature process may be formed solid as well. therefore, heavy components separation can be a necessity and produce useful products. virtually, all natural gases are containing nitrogen ​​that would lower the heating value of natural ...

The economic structure of a city evolves as the city develops, resulting in a change in energy consumption. This paper presents a historical review of Hong Kong’s economic development and energy consumption from 1970 to 2015. Based on the official data from the Hong Kong government, it was found that Hong Kong’s gross domestic product increased from HKD 208 billion in 1970 to HKD 2398 billion i...

The European Union is one of the blocks of countries in the world that is doing more in the fight against climate change and therefore it has opted to promote the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper we analyze Natural and Managerial efficiency of the 28 countries of EU from 2005 to 2013. For this purpose the Malmquist index (MI) has been used, considering crosses on the efficie...

Due to expensive infrastructure and the difficulties in storage, supply conditions of natural gas are different from those other traditional energy sources like petroleum or coal. To overcome these challenges, supplier countries require take-or-pay agreements for requested quantities. These contracts have many pre-clauses; even if they not met due low/high consumption external factors, buyers m...