some scholars have argued that there is a negative correlation between the onset age of l2 acquisition and performance on different measures of l2 knowledge. a kind of biological scheduling is assumed to be responsible for this maturational constraint on language development. the present study asks whether and to what extent critical period effects can be found for universal properties of langu...

We present a computational analysis of three language varieties: native, advanced non-native, and translation. Our goal is to investigate the similarities and differences between non-native language productions and translations, contrasting both with native language. Using a collection of computational methods we establish three main results: (1) the three types of texts are easily distinguisha...

The zhuyin phonetic script not only provides greater learning benefits compared to romanization systems for Chinese Mandarin language students with existing English fluency, but also allows students to take advantage of its use in Taiwan where it exists in both official and popular usage. However, while penenabled computing educational applications can assist traditional pedagogical approaches ...

The major components of automatic Speech Recognition(ASR)are the pronunciation dictionary, language models, acoustic model and decoder. The Pronunciation dictionaries define the mapping between the words and basic sounds of a language and thus play a vital role in speech recognition systems. Construction of the pronunciation dictionary is expensive and time consuming since it requires the knowl...

Infants' speech perception skills show a dual change towards the end of the first year of life. Not only does non-native speech perception decline, as often shown, but native language speech perception skills show improvement, reflecting a facilitative effect of experience with native language. The mechanism underlying change at this point in development, and the relationship between the change...

Urdu is a challenging language because of, first, its Perso-Arabic script and second, its morphological system having inherent grammatical forms and vocabulary of Arabic, Persian and the native languages of South Asia. This paper describes an implementation of the Urdu language as a software API, and we deal with orthography, morphology and the extraction of the lexicon. The morphology is imple...

Technology is the making, usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or serve some purpose. This is true for humanitarian issues also. Such as the issue of language and its primitive attraction for its native speakers which is visible in the cases of the language spoken at home, outside home, in its choice of newspapers, and ...