OBJECTIVES The aim of this retrospective study was to correlate the significance and accuracy of the colour of nipple discharge and breast ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of intraductal papilloma. METHODS This is a retrospective study of 34 patients who underwent 36 microdochectomies in Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) in the Sultanate of Oman, over a 4 year period of January 2009...

Cooper in 1840 described mammary branches from the 2nd-6th intercostal nerves, and noticed that the nipple was supplied by branches which lay close to the surface of the gland. Eckhard (1850) divided the mammary branches into superficial branches to the skin and nipple, and deep branches to the glandular tissue and nipple, but many later authors ignored those findings. After the second World Wa...

The distinction between breast cancer and benign breast diseases with nipple discharge remains an important diagnostic challenge. The purpose of this study was to predict the potential usefulness of tumor markers in nipple discharge and to investigate the relationship of tumor markers and clinical characteristics with breast cancer.One hundred and eleven patients with nipple discharge received ...

BACKGROUND Sore nipples are common during lactation and remain the major reason for failing to establish successful breastfeeding. To formulate a peppermint gel and to evaluate its effect on the prevention of nipple crack associated with breast-feeding, a randomized double-blinded clinical trial comparing the above formulation with modified lanolin and a neutral ointment was carried out. MATE...

BACKGROUND Classically, the vertical-style reduction mammaplasty utilizing a superomedial pedicle has been limited to smaller reductions secondary to concerns for poor wound healing and nipple necrosis. OBJECTIVES The authors reviewed a large cohort of patients who underwent a vertical-style superomedial pedicle reduction mammaplasty in an attempt to demonstrate its safety and efficacy in tre...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and present our experience of surgical correction of nipple inversion. PATIENTS & METHODS: During the study period of from March 2006 to December 2009, 13 female patients, with diagnosis of nipple inversion directly reported at OPD and admitted to Department of plastic & Burn Surgery; Liaquat University of Medical & health Sciences, Jamshoro. 02 patients were referred fro...

This essay introduces a new featured section, to be published in Small Axe annually, that explores the critical vocabulary of field Caribbean studies.