introduction: in the present study, the effects of oral morphine consumption in pregnant female rats on the amygdaloid complex development in the embryos were investigated. methods: female wistar rats weighing 250-300 g (n=15) were divided into control (n = 8) and experimental groups (n = 7). the experimental group received morphine (0.05 mg/ml) in their tap water. on the 19th day of pregnancy,...

introduction: previous studies have shown that stimulation of lateral hypothalamus (lh) produces antinociception. orexin-a (oxa) receptor is strongly expressed in the nucleus locus coeruleus (lc) and orexinergic fibers densely project from lh to lc. in this study, we assessed the role of lc and its oxa receptors in antinociceptive response induced by lh chemical stimulation in the rat. methods:...

introduction: fennel is rich in phytoestrogens and is used for estrogen deficiency disorders. estrogens affect anxiety through neurochemical systems such as gaba-a receptors. in this study the effects of fennel on gaba-a and estrogen receptors in anxiety were investigated. methods: adult female wistar rats weighing (180±20 g) were divided into 8 groups. groups received saline, fennel (200, 500,...

BACKGROUND/AIMS Clarithromycin is an effective antibiotic for treating Helicobacter pylori; however, the development clarithromycin- resistance by multiple strains prevents the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. We aimed to characterize mutations in the 23S rRNA gene of primary clarithromycin-sensitive, primary clarithromycin-resistant and secondary clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori...

Clarithromycin and its metabolite, 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin are active against a wide range of respiratory pathogens. Antibiotics generally penetrate poorly into respiratory secretions which may therefore continue to harbour bacteria following bronchial infection. We have studied sputum and serum concentrations of clarithromycin and 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin in eight patients with idiopathic b...

In this study, we have investigated 201 gastric biopsy specimens obtained from dyspeptic patients for the presence of Helicobacter pylori. By means of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted fluorescence-labeled oligonucleotide probes specific for H. pylori, this pathogen was detected in 63 biopsy specimens. By using conventional culturing, H. pylori was isolated from 49 of ...

MICs of clarithromycin, amikacin, isoniazid, rifabutin, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, ethambutol, and clofazimine were determined for six isolates of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) from AIDS patients both by the radiometric method and by an ex vivo model of infection in human macrophages. The median MICs in macrophages were similar or slightly lower than values found in broth, except for amik...

The bactericidal activities and postantibiotic effects (PAE) of clarithromycin-14-hydroxy-clarithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanate against Bacteroides fragilis and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius were determined. A concentration of twice the MIC resulted in bactericidal activity against four of four and three of four organisms at 24 h with clarithromycin-14-hydroxy-clarithromycin and amoxicilli...

Background: Clarithromycin resistance in Helicbacter pylori has been found to be associated with point mutations in 23s rRNA gene leads to reduced affinity of the antibiotic to its ribosomal target or changing the site of methylation. The aim of this study was to determine the most important point mutations in 23s rRNA gene in H. pylori that are closely related to clarith-romycin resistance amo...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether ranitidine bismuth citrate, clarithromycin, or a combination of ranitidine bismuth citrate and clarithromycin would be efficacious in eradication of Helicobacter mustelae infection in ferrets. ANIMALS 60 seven-month-old ferrets. PROCEDURE To determine dosages of clarithromycin and ranitidine bismuth citrate that would suppress growth of, but not eradicate infe...