This study investigates whether learners consider constraints while posing arithmetic word problems. Through log data from an interactive learning environment, we analyzed actions of 39 first grade elementary school students and conducted correlation analysis between the frequency of actions and validity of actions. The results show that the learners consider constraints while posing arithmetic...

We propose a method for extracting attributes and their values from Web pages. Our method makes use of word distributions estimated from plain Web pages. The key idea is to estimate word distribution by consulting ontologies built from HTML tables. In a series of experiments, we show that estimated word distributions are useful for extracting attributes and their values in various kinds of HTML...

We first reconsider the role of lexicographers in word-sense disambiguation as a computational task, as providers of both legacy material (dictionaries) and special test material for competitions like SENSEVAL. We suggest that the standard fine-grained division of senses and (larger) homographs by a lexicographer for use by a human reader may not be an appropriate goal for the computational WSD...

Energy efficiency is one of important issues in the resource contrained wireless sensor network. In this paper, we propose the authentication and key agreement protocol that efficiently reduces the overall computational and communication costs in the next generation converged network. The enhanced security procedures are operated through the mobile network in order to maximize the lifetime of t...

Quantum key distribution is the most well-known application of quantum cryptography. Previous proposed proofs of security of quantum key distribution contain various technical subtleties. Here, a conceptually simpler proof of security of quantum key distribution is presented. The new insight is the invariance of the error rate of a teleportation channel: We show that the error rate of a telepor...

In this paper, new two-user multiple access wiretap channel models are studied. First, the multiple access wiretap channel II with a discrete memoryless main channel, under three different wiretapping scenarios, is introduced. The wiretapper, as in the classical wiretap channel II model, chooses a fixedlength subset of the channel uses on which she obtains noise-free observations of one of the ...

Elliptic curve cryptosystems are expected to be a next standard of public-key cryptosystems. A security level of elliptic curve cryptosystems depends on a difficulty of a discrete logarithm problem on elliptic curves. The security level of a elliptic curve cryptosystem which has a public-key of 160-bit is equivalent to that of a RSA system which has a public-key of 1024-bit. We propose an ellip...

A key point in Sentiment Analysis is to determine the polarity of the sentiment implied by a certain word or expression. In basic Sentiment Analysis systems this sentiment polarity of the words is accounted and weighted in different ways to provide a degree of positivity/negativity. Currently words are also modelled as continuous dense vectors, known as word embeddings, which seem to encode int...

since the word “treasuries” has been mentioned in the koran and hadiths, scholars of the interpretation of the koran and hadiths as well as theologians, philosophers and gnostics have discussed it from several aspects. in this paper, we first interpret it literally, formulating the scholars’ opinions about it; then, we develop the discussion to the “key of treasury” and “treasurers”; finally,  ...