An estimated probability distribution of the backscatter is commonly used to determine the threshold for distinguishing targets from clutter at a given false alarm rate. Data collected at high grazing angles (15◦−45◦) by the Defence Science Technology Organisation’s Ingara fully polarimetric X-band radar demonstrates that the commonly used K-distribution is not always adequate for modelling the...

We present a modified version of the polarimetric whitening filter (PWF) for target detection in single-look complex images captured by polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR). The modified version enables the derivation of the sampling distribution of the PWF under several product model distributions for the polarimetric scattering vector. Specificly, a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) ...

A fast instrument simulator is developed to simulate the observations made in cloudy atmospheres by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The correlated k distribution technique is used to compute the transmissivities associated with absorbing atmospheric gases. The bulk scattering properties of ice clouds are based on the ice model used for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spec...

A k-distribution model is presented for gas mixtures in thermodynamic nonequilibrium, containing strongly radiating atomic species N and O together with molecular species of N2, N2 , NO and O2. In the VUV range of the spectrum there is strong absorption of atomic radiation by bands of N2. For this spectral range, a multi-scale model is presented, where RTEs are solved separately for each emitti...

The macrodispersion experiments (MADE) at the Columbus Air Force Base in Mississippi were conducted in a highly heterogeneous aquifer that violates the basic assumptions of local second-order theories. A governing equation that describes particles that undergo Lévy motion, rather than Brownian motion, readily describes the highly skewed and heavy-tailed plume development at the MADE site. The n...

Abstract—The K-distribution is widely applied in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image processing. However, the multi-peak complicated likelihood function causes much trouble to obtain the maximum likelihood estimation of K-distribution parameters. Based on the number-theoretic net (NT-net), the computable steps of sequential number-theoretic method for optimization (SNTO) were proposed to get t...

We propose a new method for the calculation of the statistical properties, as e.g. the entropy, of unknown generators of symbolic sequences. The probability distribution p(k) of the elements k of a population can be approximated by the frequencies f(k) of a sample provided the sample is long enough so that each element k occurs many times. Our method yields an approximation if this precondition...

The Homodyned K (H-K) distribution is very important in Ultrasound (US) imaging because it models the speckle in a general way, even if the number of scatterers per resolution cell is low and if a coherent component exists. Due to the analytical complexity of this distribution, only a few works based on the H-K have been reported and other simpler distributions have been used instead. Here we p...

The distortion of the regular motion in a quantum system by its coupling to the continuum of decay channels is investigated. The regular motion is described by means of a Poissonian ensemble. We focus on the case of only few channels K < 10. The coupling to the continuum induces two main effects, due to which the distorted system differs from a chaotic system (described by a Gaussian ensemble):...

Kurtosis" has long been considered an appropriate measure to quantify the extent of fattailedness of the degree distribution of a complex real-world network. However, the Kurtosis values for more than one real-world network have not been studied in conjunction with other statistical measures that also capture the extent of variation in node degree. In this paper, we determine the Kurtosis value...