The missing data problem is common in longitudinal or repeated measurements data. When the missingness mechanism is nonignorable, the distribution of the observed response and indicators of missingness should be modelled jointly using either ‘shared random-effects model’ or ‘correlated random-effects model’. However, computational challenges arise in the model fitting due to intractable numeric...

The particle swarm optimization (PSO), now widely used in the electromagnetics community, is a robust evolutionary method based on the property of swarm intelligence. This paper focuses on the random variable effect in the PSO algorithm, and two random distribution functions, namely, the uniform distribution and Gaussian distribution, are studied and compared in details. It is revealed through ...

A sequence of random variables is said to be extended negatively dependent (END) if the tails of its finite-dimensional distributions in the lower-left and upper-right corners are dominated by a multiple of the tails of the corresponding finite-dimensional distributions of a sequence of independent random variables with the samemarginal distributions. The goal of this paper is to establish the ...

In this paper, we shall present strong laws of large numbers (SLLN’s) for independent (not necessary identically distributed) fuzzy set-valued random variables whose base space is a separable Banach space or an Euclidean space, in the sense of the extended Hausdorff metric d∞ H .We apply the method to the sequence of independent identically distributed fuzzy set-valued random variables to give ...

co-channel interference is a major factor in limiting the capacity and link quality in cellular communications. as the co-channel interference is modeled by lognormal distribution, sum of the co-channel interferences of neighboring cells is represented by the sum of lognormal random variables (rvs) which has no closed-form expression. assuming independent, identically distributed (iid) rvs, the...

This work deals with the Monte Carlo method for stationary device simulation, known as the Single-Particle Monte Carlo method. A thorough mathematical analysis of this method clearly identifies the independent, identically distributed random variables of the simulated process. Knowledge of these random variables allows usage of straight-forward estimates of the stochastic error. The presented m...

Metatimes constitute an extension of time-change to general measurable spaces, defined as mappings between two σ-algebras. Equipping the image σ-algebra a metatime with measure and defining composition given by on domain σ-algebra, we identify metatimes bounded linear operators spaces square integrable functions. We also analyse possibility define from operator Hilbert which show is possible fo...