The author presents a framework that considers public health and social issue behaviors and is based on self-interest, exchange, competition, free choice, and externalities. Targets that are prone, resistant, or unable to respond to the manager's goal behave on the basis of their motivation, opportunity, and ability and on a manager's use of the strategies and tactics inherent in education, mar...

this study carried out in a factorial layout on completely randomaized block design with three replications, to evaluate the above- and below- ground competition between sesame (sesamum indicum) and pigweed (amaranthus retroflexus), and their impacts on sesame yield and yield component. the experimental treatments were all combination of crop-weed competition (shoot competition, root competitio...

GitHub is an online platform for hosting projects that use the Git revision control system to manage code. Its lightweight issue tracker helps to maintain lists of issues identified during the development process, including bugs, features, or other software artifacts. Although issue tracking software has been practically used in software industry, studies on using it to manage requirements rema...

many researchers and authorities in the field of international relations agree on the issue that one of the factors to make relations between and among governments in through traders and exchanging goods among people of different lands, and as human societies develop in different fields, the economic affair and trades of these countries expand and develop, as well.  thus, they, in turn, have ha...

This paper represents a complete survey on Generation Companies’ (GenCos’) optimal bidding strategy problem in restructured power markets. In this regard after an introduction to competitive electricity markets, concept of optimal bidding strategy is presented. Considering large amount of works accomplished in this area a novel classification is implemented in order to categorize the existing d...

In this paper, we study an outsourced supply chain consisting of one buyer and two suppliers in which the buyer outsources manufacturing of a physical product to two competing suppliers. The suppliers compete for the buyers' demands share, and the buyer allocates the demands to the competing suppliers based on three-dimensional allocation functions. We consider two certain types of allocation f...

Rape of women by men might be generated either by a specialized rape adaptation or as a by-product of other psychological adaptations. Although increasing number of sexual partners is a proposed benefit of rape according to the "rape as an adaptation" and the "rape as a by-product" hypotheses, neither hypothesis addresses directly why some men rape their long-term partners, to whom they already...

Parties in pluralist democracies face numerous political issues that citizens may be split on, but most models of party competition assume a simple, often one-dimensional structure. We develop a new, inherently multidimensional model of party strategy in which parties compete by emphasizing policy issues. Issue emphasis is determined by two distinct goals: mobilizing the party’s core voters and...

We present a model of sperm competition that incorporates both sperm and nonsperm parts of the ejaculate. Our primary focus is on determining how ejaculate composition and size evolves as a function of the effects of seminal fluid on male reproductive success and as a function of asymmetry in sperm usage by females. The model predicts that different patterns of investment in sperm and seminal p...