This article is a rethinking of the modern trend in Islamophobia scholarship, which frames European as post-9/11 phenomenon. Though Islamist terrorism had notoriety raising anti-Islam and anti-Muslim sentiments, bigotry towards Islam, hatred against Muslims prejudices about their cultural inferiority lurk deep history colonialism Holy Wars. suggests an assumption, that is, why Western scholars ...

around the world, publics confronted with terrorism have debated whether islamic faith gives rise to a uniquely virulent strain of non-state violence targeted at civilians. these discussions almost always conceive of “islam” in general terms, not clearly defining what is meant by islamic religious faith. We engaged this debate by designing and conducting a large-scale public opinion survey in p...

Initially construed as the vital link between Saddam Husayn’s Iraq and al-Qaida in runup to war, Ansar al-Islam (AI) group formed Iraqi Kurdistan December 2001 has been subject of intense debate huge media coverage. In academic research, however, its history, evolution affiliation have received surprisingly little scrutiny. Commonly depicted an affiliated or a sub-group controlled by al-Qaida’s...

Recent research on Islamist radicalization has directed greater attention to the conjunctions of causes and staged processes that draw individuals into violent extremism. Yet is still grappling with varying extents individual action external factors, including social networks, peer pressure, propaganda, cultural socio-economic conditions, processes. At bottom, this investigation revolves around...

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (emdr) process encompasses several nervous system components such as medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, basal ganglia, parietal, frontal and occipital lobes. the role of eye movement (em) has been documented previously in relation with cognitive processing mechanisms. by emdr we can reach some parts of memory which were inaccessible before and als...

Mahmoud Mohamed Taha (1909–1985) founded the Republican Brotherhood in early 1950s to promote social reform through a new understanding of divine revelation which had emerged during his two years khalwa or retreat. From 1970s, attracted few thousand followers Ustadh Mahmoud’s teachings, whose foundation was discipline tariq Mohamed, “the Path Prophet.” This challenging design for life that embr...