Why do wars continue even when their original causes are resolved? I offer a rationalist explanation: wars end in a negotiated settlement only when wartime and peacetime balances of power are approximately equal. Since fighting tends to shift the wartime balance of power, war creates its own commitment problems which can preclude a peaceful settlement—even after its initial causes have become i...

Over 100,000 Iranian war veterans suffer from chronic effects of mustard gas exposure. Sulfur mustard was used by Iraq during the Iraqi-imposed war on Iran (between 1980 and 1988). The major complaints of these patients are mild interstitial fibrosis and bronchiolitis. We aimed to determine the state of fibrosis progression and assessed transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 levels in pulmonary...

objective: the aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between marital satisfaction with psychological health in women whose husbands had either suffered from psychiatric problems or been exposed to chemical warfare during iraq-iran imposed war. method: participants were selected from the war-affected women in mazandaran province in north of iran whose husbands had either suffe...

Millions of people witnessed early, repeated television coverage of the September 11 (9/11), 2001, terrorist attacks and were subsequently exposed to graphic media images of the Iraq War. In the present study, we examined psychological- and physical-health impacts of exposure to these collective traumas. A U.S. national sample (N = 2,189) completed Web-based surveys 1 to 3 weeks after 9/11; a s...

OBJECTIVE Studies of soldiers from prior wars conducted many years after combat have shown associations between combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and physical health problems. The current Iraq war has posed a considerable PTSD risk, but the association with physical health has not been well studied. METHOD The authors studied 2,863 soldiers using standardized self-administer...

Foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) from serotype A exhibit high antigenic diversity. Within the Middle East, a strain called A-Iran-05 emerged in 2003, and subsequently replaced the A-Iran-96 and A-Iran-99 strains that were previously circulating in the region. Viruses from this strain did not serologically match with the established A/Iran/96 vaccine, although most early samples matched wit...

Khuzestan province and other western provinces of the country have been mostly affected by the impacts of the imposed war of Iraq against Iran and due to this impact have experienced special changes. As one of these changes, we could mention the phenomenon of the migration. These areas have experienced different forms of migrations such as exterior, interior, return migration and even the accep...

bearing in mind that this quarterly has specially noted the irgc artillery establishment, organizational development and function during the sacred defense, it has considered this topic in this section too: 1. artillery in the iran-iraq war according to the existing documents; 2. areport on karbala headquarter's function in badr operation; 3. khoramshahr artillery establishment process; 4....

ON 6 November 2003, the International Court of Justice delivered its long-awaited judgment in Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America). The judgment raises important issues relating to both jurisdiction and the law governing the use of force. By way of background, the Court was seised of a claim by Iran and a counterclaim by the USA alleging breaches of their 1955 bi...