Spatial planning is defined as the change of the distribution of activities in space and the change of the links between them by converting forms of land use and property. Systematic spatial planning is the most advanced level in a hierarchy from data and going to information and knowledge, collected on each level of territorial holarchy. Systematization is achieved by data converting into high...

In South Africa, broad spatial frameworks have become a standard form of planning, but these have been critiqued on various grounds. This paper focuses on three lines along which spatial planning might be reconsidered. First, it argues that it is important for planners to engage with the complexity of the socio-spatial dynamics of the city. Second, it suggests that planners need a stronger unde...

In their contributions, participants of spatial planning discussions refer to geographic objects. In this paper, an explicit linkage between online maps and arguments is proposed for being used in a World-Wide Webbased support systems for Collaborative Spatial Decision-Making (CSDM). The representation and storage of geo-referenced arguments in Argumentation Maps ("Argumaps") will advance the l...

Recent advances in computer memory and speed and new specialised software for the capture, manipulation and presentation of spatial information have vastly increased the possibilities of spatial planning models. The aggregation error of zones can now be overcome by new and efficient ways of spatial interpolation, spurious equilibrium assumptions can be replaced by the dynamics of different spee...

INTRODUCTION At the modern age, to acquire knowledge and experience, the individuals with their own specific culture have to enter contexts with cultural diversity, adapt to different cultures and have social interactions to be able to have effective inter-cultural relationships.To have such intercultural associations and satisfy individual needs in the society, cultural intelligence and social...

Background The aim of this study was systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence in current and relevant literature about this developmental disorder to present the profile of malocclusion in Iran. Methods This review study was carried out with systematically identified and critically assessed studies reporting malocclusion prevalence among Iranian population in permanent dentition. Nat...