Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are a class of attractive genetic markers for population genetic studies and for identifying genetic variations underlying complex traits. However, the usefulness and efficiency of SNPs in comparison to microsatellites in different scientific contexts, e.g., population structure inference or association analysis, still must be systematically evaluated thro...

Tracer flux experiments in isolated guard cells of Commelina communis L. suggest that the vacuolar ion content is regulated and is reset to a reduced fixed point by abscisic acid (ABA) with no significant change in cytoplasmic content. The effects of changes in external osmotic pressure were investigated by adding and removing mannitol from the bathing solution. Two effects were distinguished. ...

An evaluation of the resonant fluorescence lidar technique as a method of measuring ion density during ionospheric barium releases is presented. We find that it is technically feasible to measure ion densities of 10 3 cm -3 at an altitude of 200 km with a time resolution of 0.5 s by using a ground-based laser and telescope. One application of the lidar technique would be observation of the crit...

A bio-adhesive covalent organic framework with calmodulin as a proteinous gate is reported by Takuzo Aida, Kou Okuro et al. in their Research Article on page 8932. The functionality used for calcium-ion-triggered guest release from the nanopores.