We model the ci il dispute resolution process as a two-stage game with the parties bargaining to reach a settlement in the first stage and then playing a litigation expenditure game at trial in the second stage. We find that the English rule shifts the settlement away from the interim fair and unbiased settlement in most circumstances. O erall welfare changes are in fa or of the party who makes...

This special issue of Tobacco Control for World No Tobacco Day is focused on the theme of Price and Trade. Last year, Dr Margaret Chan of the WHO called on countries to increase tobacco taxes to combat the tobacco epidemic. Chan observed that “raising taxes on tobacco is the most effective way to reduce use and save lives” (Ibid). She commented that “determined action on tobacco tax policy hits...

The previous literature provides a highly ambiguous picture on the impact of trade and investment agreements on FDI. Most empirical studies ignore the actual content of BITs and RTAs, treating them as "black boxes", despite the diversity of investment provisions constituting the essence of these agreements. We overcome this serious limitation by analyzing the impact of modalities on the admissi...

Previous studies of WTO dispute settlement have sought to evaluate whether a Member’s legal capacity influences its odds of bringing litigation before the multilateral trade regime. Because direct measures of legal capacity are elusive, these studies have had to use indirect proxies, such as per capita income or number of delegates in Geneva. Yet, the reliability of these measures is questionab...

Vietnamese Law on foreign investment contains all provisions related to in Vietnam and from businesses abroad. Although the policies have been regularly amended supplemented, some inadequacies affect attractiveness of as a destination. These are 2020 Investment provisions, 2012 Cooperatives, Decree No. 01/2021/ND-CP business registration compared with Enterprises, Civil Procedure 2015. Specific...

Transnational trade holds opportunities for prosperity and development if accompanied by a robust political legal framework. Yet, where such framework is missing, transnational frequently associated with, among others, negative impacts on the environment. Applying comparison, this article assesses recent free agreements, i.e., Mercosur Agreement, CETA EU–Vietnam Free Trade negotiated European U...