Definitions and forms of salinity All natural waters contain soluble salts. The concentration of the salts determines whether the water is of high quality (drinkable or usable for irrigation without need for special precautions) or of low quality (brackish or saline). Water in the soil also contains soluble salts (sometimes called free or nonattached salts). The amount of salts in the root zone...

Side scan sonar in low-cost 'fishfinder' systems has become popular in aquatic ecology and sedimentology for imaging submerged riverbed sediment at coverages and resolutions sufficient to relate bed texture to grain-size. Traditional methods to map bed texture (i.e. physical samples) are relatively high-cost and low spatial coverage compared to sonar, which can continuously image several kilome...

Complex Internet attacks may come from multiple sources, and target multiple networks and technologies. Nevertheless, Collaborative Intrusion Detection Systems (CIDS) emerges as a promising solution by using information frommultiple sources to gain a better understanding of objective and impact of complex Internet attacks. CIDS also help to cope with classical problems of Intrusion Detection Sy...

The composition of the parental magmas Cu–Ni deposits is crucial for elucidation their genesis. In order to estimate role magma in ore formation, it necessary compare compositions silicate rock intrusions with different mineralization patterns, as observed Norilsk region. geochemistry two massifs located same Devonian carbonate rocks—the Kharaelakh intrusion, its world-class platinum-group elem...

energy consumption is considered as a critical issue in wireless sensor networks (wsns). batteries of sensor nodes have limited power supply which in turn limits services and applications that can be supported by them. an efcient solution to improve energy consumption and even trafc in wsns is data aggregation (da) that can reduce the number of transmissions. two main challenges for da are: (i)...

Several mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions were emplaced in the NE Fennoscandian Shield during a magmatic episode at 2.44 Ga. The Paleoproterozoic Näränkävaara intrusion, northern Finland, is one of largest ultramafic bodies Shield, with surface area 25 km x 5 and stratigraphic thickness ~3 km. intrusion comprises 1.3 km-thick peridotitic–dioritic series (2436 ± Ma) two peridotitic reversals, ...

Numerous important Miocene and early Pliocene epithermal Au-Ag deposits are present in the northern Great Basin. Most deposits are spatially and temporally related to two magmatic assemblages: bimodal basaltrhyolite and western andesite. These magmatic assemblages are petrogenetic suites that reflect variations in tectonic environment of magma generation. The bimodal assemblage is a K-rich thol...

The Atacama Desert, northern Chile, is one of the driest deserts on Earth and, as such, a natural laboratory to explore the limits of life and the strategies evolved by microorganisms to adapt to extreme environments. Here we report the exceptional adaptation strategies of chlorophototrophic and eukaryotic algae, and chlorophototrophic and prokaryotic cyanobacteria to the hyperarid and extremel...

In the information era, as computer networks and related applications become more and more popular, security problems are more and more serious in global information infrastructure. It was reported that in the past two years, large amounts of network attacks and computer viruses caused great damages to global economy and the potential threats to the global information infrastructure have increa...

PURPOSE Subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) have been associated with the progression to late age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To determine whether SDD in eyes in normal macular health increases risk for early AMD, this study examined the association between presence of SDD at baseline in a cohort of older adults in normal macular health and incident AMD 3 years later. METHODS Subjects...