Abstract The study presents monthly variations of seawater properties, monitoring water column stability and stratification over the southern shelf of the Caspian Sea which depends on collecting data. Field measurements were carried out during 13 cruises along the southern boundary of the sea. Spatial and temporal distributions of temperature, salinity and density were investigated. Monthl...

Mountains provide as much as 90-100% of the freshwater to surrounding basins in arid and semiarid regions because of their distinctive and complex topography, and the consequent effects on precipitation (P) and evapotranspiration (ET). One of the primary objectives of this dissertation is to estimate mountain-block recharge (MBR), an important component of the mountain contribution to groundwat...

Urbanization, the expansion of built-up areas, is an important yet less-studied aspect of land use/land cover change in climate science. To date, most global climate models used to evaluate effects of land use/land cover change on climate do not include an urban parameterization. Here, the authors describe the formulation and evaluation of a parameterization of urban areas that is incorporated ...

total perceptible water (tpw) is an important parameter in climatology and weather forecasting and is directly related to any climate process. there are three approaches to estimate this parameter i.e. using radiosonde, using gps and calculating from satellite images where the first two are localized and the last one can give an instant view of tpw in a vast region. the algorithm used for the t...

This paper describes the field of the detection and attribution of climate change and highlights recent progress, major issues, and future directions. The attribution of global temperature variations over the past century to a combination of anthropogenic and natural influences is now well established, with the anthropogenic factors dominating. Other aspects of the climate system, including reg...

We report the results of a computational, atomistic electrodynamics study of the effects of electromagnetic waves on the mechanical properties, and specifically the Young's modulus of silver nanowires. We find that the Young's modulus of the nanowires is strongly dependent on the optical excitation energy, with a peak enhancement occurring at the localized surface plasmon resonance frequency. W...

Surface geothermal expressions such as mud pools, fumaroles, mineral deposits, collapse pits, and hydrothermal eruption craters vary in scale type over space time. The evolution time of these surficial thermal features strongly relates to alteration processes caused by fluids. changes the physical mechanical properties top subsoils that can control fluid flow, degassing patterns, occurrence haz...

173 Temperature regulates almost all biogeochemical processes. Future climate warming will therefore have a profound effect on ecosystem functions and services such as carbon storage1. For example, climate warming influences terrestrial primary production directly by changing the leaf process intensity , but also indirectly by increasing soil nutrient mineralization2–4, changing soil water avai...

In this study, a climate version of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (ClimRAMS) was used to investigate the sensitivity of regional climate simulations to changes in vegetation distribution in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions of the United States. The evolution of vegetation phenology was assimilated into the ClimRAMS in the form of estimates of the leaf area index (LAI) deri...

—A warming climate could profoundly affect the distribution and abundance of many fishes. Bull trout Salvelinus confluentus may be especially vulnerable to climate change given that spawning and early rearing are constrained by cold water temperatures creating a patchwork of natal headwater habitats across river networks. Because the size and connectivity of patches also appear to influence the...