The human jaw muscles are essential to mastication and play an important part in craniofacial growth. They contribute to dental and articular forces, deform the mandible, and, like other tissues, are subject to disorders, often manifested as pain. The literature describes how their contraction is controlled by the nervous system, and how their general structure and function contribute to cranio...

An increasingly large number of firms outsource their Information Technology (IT). Firms that contemplate IT outsourcing have two alternatives: (1) contract with a vendor (i.e., outsourcing) or (2) set up their own IT subsidiary (i.e. quasi-outsourcing). This study examines some of the determinants of the outsourcing vs. quasi-outsourcing decision. Using primary data collected in France and Ger...

Corporate organization varies within countries and between countries. We develop a theory which explains the variation in levels of decentralization across firms and links it to the trade environment that firms face. We introduce firms with internal hierarchies in a Melitz and Ottaviano (2008) model of international trade. We show that international trade increases the conflict of interest betw...

organizations and companies competing with each other try to attract talented individuals and keep them in themselves. employer brand can attract talented and it is a set of internal factors related to the personnel which tries to induce individuals that this organization enjoys appropriate place, status and location for work by informing the individuals outside the organization. the talented a...

nowadays, right to environment, during constitutions, court decisions and administrative procedures, in internal public law have been identified and secured. the recognition of this right in public law is dependent on normative evolutions. with the promotion of the tight to environment in constitutional norms, we can speak about the real impact of the constitutionalization in contemporary publi...

The increasing complexity of distributed applications requires new modeling and engineering approaches. Such domains require representing the regulating structures explicitly and independently from the acting components (or agents). Organization computational models, based on Organization Theory, have been advocated to specify such systems. In this paper, we present the organizational modeling ...

this research aimed to investigate the learning organization characteristics in environmental non-governmental organizations (engos) in tehran city using the watkins and marsick’s seven dimensional learning organization model. the research method was descriptive- correlation and used survey method. the population consisted of all active members on engos in tehran city.  using bartlett’s (2011) ...