Seven distinct cDNAs encoding functional subunits of the AMPA/kainate-type glutamate receptors have been recently cloned. This in situ hybridization study was done to determine which subunits are expressed in the retina and, where possible, which neurons express them. Hybridization of 35S-UTP-labeled cRNA probes with transverse sections revealed that mRNAs for all seven receptor subunits (GluR1...

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent bioactive peptide that is widely expressed in the nervous system, including the retina. Here we show that specific NPY immunoreactivity was localized to amacrine and displaced amacrine cells in the rat retina. Immunoreactive cells had a regular distribution across the retina and an overall cell density of 280 cells/mm(2) in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and 90 c...

In the standard picture of structure formation, initially random-phase fluctuations are amplified by non-linear gravitational instability to produce a final distribution of mass which is highly non-Gaussian and has highly coupled Fourier phases. Second-order statistics, such as the power spectrum, are blind to this kind of phase association. We discuss the information contained in the phases of...

This research work proposes new concepts of flexibility and self-correction for currentsteering digital-to-analog converters (DACs) which allow the attainment of broad functional and performance specifications, high linearity, and reduced dependence on the fabrication processes. This work analytically investigates the DAC linearity with respect to the accuracy of the DAC unit elements. The main...

Intermediate nepheloid layers (INLs) form important pathways for the cross-slope transport and vertical export of particulate matter, including carbon. While intermediate maxima in particle settling fluxes have been reported Eurasian Basin Arctic Ocean, direct observations turbid INLs above continental slope are still lacking. In this study, we provide first evidence an INL, coinciding with enh...