sociology is a multi-paradigm science. the main components of the paradigm include epistemic system, theoretical schools, raised patterns, research strategies, research methods and techniques, and facts under investigation. to be able to reach a satisfactory achievement, sociology has to obtain two main components, i.e. to be part of a paradigm and institutional autonomy. iranian sociology of t...

Judicial decisions established legal standards for prison conditions and the treatment of prisoners. Prisoners used the litigation process to seek judicial enforcement of these rights-based standards that restricted the autonomy previously enjoyed by correctional officials. Judicial intervention into corrections transformed corrections by pushing all correctional institutions to become professi...

South African municipalities experience serious challenges in dealing with the interface between politicians and officials. Inappropriate political interference in administrative matters as well as strained relations between key political and administrative officials in the municipalities appear to be the order of the day. Oftentimes, the lack of a separation of powers between legislative and e...

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries visual and verbal images of the scientist were many and varied. Caricaturists, cartoonists, artists, and writers produced a diverse range of stereotypic figures: diabolical madmen, distinguished professors, harmless eccentrics, learned buffoons, and fashionable dilettantes. Naturalists in the field among flora and fauna were often pictured, as were...

This paper deals with analysis of conflict interaction between business and power in Russia The main purpose is to analyze features of the institutional environment of this conflict. Another purpose of the paper is to analyze several concepts of the conflict studies for their usefulness in examination of the relationship between business and authorities in post-Soviet Russia. The use of all the...

Although humans are typically willing to punish so-called free riders—people who use public resources without contributing to them—most people balk at sanctioning community members who refuse to punish others. Modern societies usually address this threat to collective action by installing central authorities such as police and judicial systems that punish both free riders and individuals who re...

The question of the most effective order of reforming state-owned industries has been hotly debated over the years. In the early 1990s, many western advisers encouraged Eastern European countries and the former Soviet Union to privatize firms quickly under the assumption that market institutions would develop once firms were privately owned. Thinking since then has emphasized the importance of ...

BACKGROUND Medical and technological developments, financial constraints and a shortage of physicians have made it necessary to re-examine professional boundaries between physicians and nurses. Israel's manpower shortage in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) has changed the responsibility and authority of nurses. However, these changes have not evolved into a uniform policy defining the divi...