Pigs have long been considered potential intermediate hosts in which avian influenza viruses can adapt to humans. To determine whether this potential exists for pigs in Indonesia, we conducted surveillance during 2005-2009. We found that 52 pigs in 4 provinces were infected during 2005-2007 but not 2008-2009. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses had been introduced into the pig populat...

We report here the complete genome sequence of a triple-reassortant H1N1 swine influenza virus strain, A/swine/Guangxi/BB1/2013 (H1N1) (GXBB1), isolated from a swine in the Guangxi Province of southern China in 2013. We obtained the complete genome sequence of the GXBB1 virus. Sequence analysis demonstrated that this H1N1 virus was a triple-reassortant swine influenza virus (SIV) whose genes or...

Human influenza A(H3N2) viruses that predominated during the moderately severe 2014-2015 influenza season differed antigenically from the vaccine component, resulting in reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE). To examine antibody responses to 2014-2015 inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) among children and adolescents, we collected sera before and after ...

The results of the present study provide a striking demonstration of antibody orientation produced by the dominant antigens of the strains of influenza virus encountered at childhood. The homologous and heterologous antibody response to monovalent vaccines containing swine, PR8, FM1, or Cuppett viruses show that the antibody-forming mechanisms of children born after 1943 are oriented to strains...

Avian H7 influenza viruses from both the Eurasian and North American lineage have caused outbreaks in poultry since 2002, with confirmed human infection occurring during outbreaks in The Netherlands, British Columbia, and the United Kingdom. The majority of H7 infections have resulted in self-limiting conjunctivitis, whereas probable human-to-human transmission has been rare. Here, we used glyc...

From September 1984 to February 1985 a total of three hundred and five specimens of nasopharyngeal secretion (NPS) were examined by the indirect immuno-fluorescence technique to determine the frequency of infections caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A, influenza B and parainfluenza viruses, 1 and 3. The specimens were collected from infants and children less than 5 year...

Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are among the first line of defense against influenza virus infection. With the increased worldwide use of the drugs, antiviral susceptibility surveillance is increasingly important for effective clinical management and for public health epidemiology. Effective monitoring requires effective resistance detection methods. We have developed and validated a novel genot...

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies to influenza A/Hong Kong/1/68, influenza A/Victoria/3/75, influenza B/Hong Kong/5/72, and parainfluenza type 1 viruses. Development and standardization of the method indicated that an acetone-ethyl alcohol mixture was a suitable fixative for the preparation of the solid-phase coupled antigen. The addition...

Human influenza viruses manage to cause epidemics almost every year. The circulating viruses change their surface glycoproteins by accumulating mutations (antigenic drift) which results in variant viruses of the same subtype that are able to evade the immune pressure in the population. Every now and then, a completely new subtype of influenza A virus is introduced in the human population, which...